《系统工程》课程教学资源（英文文献）Comprehensive Safety Management System in Subway Operation System

Comprehensive Safety Management System inSubway Operation SystemGuide Words:Subway Operation System; Comprehensive Safety Management System; SafetyPrevention System; Index System.Abstract:Subway safety is a very important research area at home and abroad.Accordingtoamajorsubway accident occurred, the characteristic, operation pattern, system failure pattern of subwayoperation system is analyzed in this paper. The principle of system engineering is used,Comprehensive Safety Management System Framework was established for subway operationalsafety system.Comprehensive Safety Management System includes to subway accident preventionsafetydefense and emergency rescue.It isvery important to improve safety level of subway operationsystem by studying and exploring safetymanagement system.I.INTRODUCTIONComprehensive safety management system plays an important role in assuring the effectiveoperation of urban railway transportation.In subway system, once accidents occurred, the outcomewould be so terrible that one could imagine. In recent years, some accidents indicate that operationsafety is a lifeline of urban railway transportation system.Therefore,urban railway transportationsystem should build an effective safety management systemIL.TYPICALURBANRAILWAYTRANSPORTATIONACCIDENTSATHOMEANDABROADSince subway appeared, it has happened all kinds of accidents. Some typical accidents include[3](1) Fire accidents of subway in Azerbaijan in 1995(Death: 558, Injure: 269);(2) Train crash accidents of subway in Cologne, Germany in 1995(Injure: 67);(3) Train derailment accident. For example, United Kingdom took place in central Londonbecause of mechanical failure of subway train caused the train derailment accident in 2003(Injure:32);(4) Power outage caused discontinued operations accident. For example, a high-voltagetransmission lines were smashed in Beijing Shougang in 1996, which caused Beijing's power supplysystem failure, resulting in a largescale blackouts, 57 subway trains were forced to a suddendiscontinued operations, plug up to 146 minutes. A sudden power outage caused to the Londonsubway and rail traffic has brought great confusion in southeast England in 2003

Comprehensive Safety Management System in Subway Operation System Guide Words：Subway Operation System; Comprehensive Safety Management System; Safety Prevention System; Index System. Abstract：Subway safety is a very important research area at home and abroad. According to a major subway accident occurred, the characteristic, operation pattern, system failure pattern of subway operation system is analyzed in this paper. The principle of system engineering is used, Comprehensive Safety Management System Framework was established for subway operational safety system. Comprehensive Safety Management System includes to subway accident prevention, safety defense and emergency rescue. It is very important to improve safety level of subway operation system by studying and exploring safety management system. I. INTRODUCTION Comprehensive safety management system plays an important role in assuring the effective operation of urban railway transportation. In subway system, once accidents occurred, the outcome would be so terrible that one could imagine. In recent years, some accidents indicate that operation safety is a lifeline of urban railway transportation system. Therefore, urban railway transportation system should build an effective safety management system II. TYPICAL URBAN RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS AT HOME AND ABROAD Since subway appeared, it has happened all kinds of accidents. Some typical accidents include[3] ˖, (1) Fire accidents of subway in Azerbaijan in 1995(Death: 558, Injure: 269); (2) Train crash accidents of subway in Cologne, Germany in 1995(Injure: 67); (3) Train derailment accident. For example, United Kingdom took place in central London because of mechanical failure of subway train caused the train derailment accident in 2003(Injure: 32); (4) Power outage caused discontinued operations accident. For example, a high-voltage transmission lines were smashed in Beijing Shougang in 1996, which caused Beijing's power supply system failure, resulting in a largescale blackouts, 57 subway trains were forced to a sudden discontinued operations, plug up to 146 minutes. A sudden power outage caused to the London subway and rail traffic has brought great confusion in southeast England in 2003

(5) Crowded stampede accident. For example, Belarus, an excessive number of accidents subwaystation, 54 people were crushed to death,(6) Subway accidents caused by natural disasters.For example, Beijing Wanshoulu subwaystations were forced to be closed due to heavy rain flooded, outage 20 minutes after return to normal.(7) Man-factor causes subway accident. Tokyo subway 3 line 5 cars together "sarin" nerve gasleakage incident (Death: 12, Injure: 5000); South Korea's Daegu subway arson incidents (Death: 140,Injure: 289, missing318),III.THECHARACTERISTICOFSUBWAYOPERATION SYSTEMSubway operation system is a complex giant system, including multi-disciplinary,multi-specialtymulti-types. The various professional systems are closely interlinked, and related between in thevehicle systems, power supply system, running traffic control systems, passenger service systems.communication signal systems, environmental control systems, disaster prevention and fire controlsystem.The characteristics of subway include built in underground, closed strong, running ahigh-speed, frequent starts and stops, traffic large and complex sources, passenger self-service car,emergency evacuation difficult and subject to outside interference. Therefore, there is a greaterdemand for subway safety and reliability as a special kind of crowded public places.Generally speaking, there are three operating modes in subway operation system, includingnormal operation mode, non-normal operation mode, and emergency operation mode. As shown inFigure1.(l) Normal operation mode is basically consistent state between operation mode of the daytimeand nighttime and scheduled time of running map. Normal operation mode is divided into peak andoff-peak hours. Focusing on these two operating states, Subway Corporation has taken a differentpassenger organization programs and operation management.(2) Non-normal operation mode is a state of affecting the normal operation of the order includingtrains delayed, range block, station crowded, turnout fault, train failure, equipment failure. Accordingto operation command system, the program should be adjusted in time; therefore, in a relatively shortperiod it can resume normal operations and not affect the safety of passengers.(3) Emergency operation mode is an outage state of the part range or the full range of operatingconditions including fire, explosion, large-scale blackout, rain and snow storms and other naturaldisasters, floods. In this state, there may be casualties of the serious consequences and must be takento an emergency rescue measures in self-help, disaster mitigation and rescue

(5) Crowded stampede accident. For example, Belarus, an excessive number of accidents subway station, 54 people were crushed to death; (6) Subway accidents caused by natural disasters. For example, Beijing Wanshoulu subway stations were forced to be closed due to heavy rain flooded, outage 20 minutes after return to normal. (7) Man-factor causes subway accident. Tokyo subway 3 line 5 cars together "sarin" nerve gas leakage incident (Death: 12, Injure: 5000); South Korea's Daegu subway arson incidents (Death: 140, Injure: 289, missing318). III. THE CHARACTERISTIC OF SUBWAY OPERATION SYSTEM Subway operation system is a complex giant system, including multi-disciplinary, multi-specialty, multi-types. The various professional systems are closely interlinked, and related between in the vehicle systems, power supply system, running traffic control systems, passenger service systems, communication signal systems, environmental control systems, disaster prevention and fire control system. The characteristics of subway include built in underground, closed strong, running a high-speed, frequent starts and stops, traffic large and complex sources, passenger self-service car, emergency evacuation difficult and subject to outside interference. Therefore, there is a greater demand for subway safety and reliability as a special kind of crowded public places. Generally speaking, there are three operating modes in subway operation system, including normal operation mode, non-normal operation mode, and emergency operation mode. As shown in Figure 1. (1) Normal operation mode is basically consistent state between operation mode of the daytime and nighttime and scheduled time of running map. Normal operation mode is divided into peak and off-peak hours. Focusing on these two operating states, Subway Corporation has taken a different passenger organization programs and operation management. (2) Non-normal operation mode is a state of affecting the normal operation of the order including trains delayed, range block, station crowded, turnout fault, train failure, equipment failure. According to operation command system, the program should be adjusted in time; therefore, in a relatively short period it can resume normal operations and not affect the safety of passengers. (3) Emergency operation mode is an outage state of the part range or the full range of operating conditions including fire, explosion, large-scale blackout, rain and snow storms and other natural disasters, floods. In this state, there may be casualties of the serious consequences and must be taken to an emergency rescue measures in self-help, disaster mitigation and rescue

Daytime operationDaytimeoperationNighttime operationomaloperationmodeNighttime operationTrains delayedRange blockStation crowdedOneratinnMndeNon-normal oneration modeTumout faultTrain failureEquipment failureFire, explosionLarge-scale blackoutEmergencvonerationmodeRainandsnowstomsandothernaturaldisastersFloodsFig.1 Subway operation mode mapIV.SUBWAYOPERATIONSYSTEMFAILUREMODEANALYSISSubway system generally has three kinds of failure modes including point failure, partial failure,and system failure.Faults exist in the different systems, Bow Tie subway system safety analysismodel [4](Bow model) as shown in Figure 2. Bow Tie model come fromASwiss cheese modela.which can strengthen safety management system. Bow-Tie model mainly includes five steps: (1)Describe the system; (2) Identify the risk; (3) Analyze the risk; (4) Assess the risk; (5) Treat (mitigate)the risk

Fig. 1 Subway operation mode map IV. SUBWAY OPERATION SYSTEM FAILURE MODE ANALYSIS Subway system generally has three kinds of failure modes including point failure, partial failure, and system failure. Faults exist in the different systems, Bow Tie subway system safety analysis model [4](Bow model) as shown in Figure 2. Bow Tie model come fromĀSwiss cheese modelā, which can strengthen safety management system. Bow-Tie model mainly includes five steps: (1) Describe the system; (2) Identify the risk; (3) Analyze the risk; (4) Assess the risk; (5) Treat (mitigate) the risk

System failureSystem failurePartial failurePartial failurePoint failurePoint failmreEquipmentInfrastructureOrganizationandSubwayEquipmentInfrastructureOperationTrain loadsystemSafetySafetyManagementHuman safetyFig.2BowTiesubwaysystemsafetyanalysismodelV.SUBWAYOPERATIONSAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSubway Operation System SafetyManagement FrameworkSubwayOperation SystemEmergency Rescue SystemSubwayOperation SystemSubwayOperation SystemSafety Prevention SystemSafety Defense SystemSubway OperationSysternSubway Operation System SafetySafety Theory Systemregulations and standards systemSubway Operation SystemSubwayOperation SystemSafety Technology SystemSafetyManage rnent SystemFig.3SubwayOperation System SafetyManagement SystemFrameworkSubway is a complex giant system.Manyfactors affect the overall safety situation in subwayDuring the operational phase, the incident showed the diversity and complexity, urban railtransportation has the following characteristics:highly professional, complex technology andequipment,large passengers, strongly cyclical,therefore,safety management of urban railtransportation is a very difficult problem whether the theoretical level, technological level,management level orthepolicies andregulations levels.Subwayoperation safety management system

Fig.2 Bow Tie subway system safety analysis model V. SUBWAY OPERATION SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Fig.3 Subway Operation System Safety Management System Framework Subway is a complex giant system. Many factors affect the overall safety situation in subway. During the operational phase, the incident showed the diversity and complexity, urban rail transportation has the following characteristics: highly professional, complex technology and equipment, large passengers, strongly cyclical, therefore, safety management of urban rail transportation is a very difficult problem whether the theoretical level, technological level, management level or the policies and regulations levels. Subway operation safety management system

is established from subway accident prevention, safety defense and emergency rescue. As shown inFigure3A.Subway Operation Accident Prevention SystemAccident prevention system is an effective method to control rail transportation disasters. Theeffective implementation of prevention system needs a powerful support, including theory, technology,management policies and regulations.(1) Subway Operation Safety Theory SystemSubway operation safety theory system is based on the universality of disaster preventionmechanism according to subway operation features. Safety theory system will provide a theoreticalbasis for development of technology system, construction of management mode and formulation ofregulations and standards system.(2) Subway Operation Safety Technology SystemSubway Operation Safety Theory System is an extension of prevention theory system at thetechnical level including event forecasting technology, risk identification technology, safety planningtechnology etc.(3) Subway Operation Safety Management SystemBuilding management system is based on the analysis of basic prevention theories and technicalconditions.Management system is an integrated management model to realize the point prevention,line prevention, block prevention.(4) Subway Operation Safety Regulation and Standard SystemIn order to institutionalize, standardize subway operation system, safety regulation and standardsystem based on effective theory system, technical system and management model is established.B.SubwayOperation SafetyDefense SystemSubway operation safety defense system is the second system. A better system directly determinesthe nonoccurrence of an accident during system operation.(1) Subway Operation Safety Defense Theory SystemSafety defense theory system mainly analyses stage mechanism of the system from macroscopicperspective,analyses asymmetric mechanism of the system from logical perspective, analysesunreliability of the mechanism from systematical perspective. In order to find the weak point ofsubway operation system, subway operation safety defense theory system is established(2)SubwayOperationSafetyDefenseTechnologySystemTechnology system directly involves in the subway safety work. Safety defense technologysystem emphasizes real-time, linkage and system.(3) Subway Operation Safety Defense Management SystemManagement system is a good integration on static and dynamic safeguard mechanism,hierarchical safeguard mechanism from safety defense theory system and safety defense technology

is established from subway accident prevention, safety defense and emergency rescue. As shown in Figure 3. A. Subway Operation Accident Prevention System Accident prevention system is an effective method to control rail transportation disasters. The effective implementation of prevention system needs a powerful support, including theory, technology, management policies and regulations. (1) Subway Operation Safety Theory System Subway operation safety theory system is based on the universality of disaster prevention mechanism according to subway operation features. Safety theory system will provide a theoretical basis for development of technology system, construction of management mode and formulation of regulations and standards system. (2) Subway Operation Safety Technology System Subway Operation Safety Theory System is an extension of prevention theory system at the technical level including event forecasting technology, risk identification technology, safety planning technology etc. (3) Subway Operation Safety Management System Building management system is based on the analysis of basic prevention theories and technical conditions.Management system is an integrated management model to realize the point prevention, line prevention, block prevention. (4) Subway Operation Safety Regulation and Standard System In order to institutionalize, standardize subway operation system, safety regulation and standard system based on effective theory system, technical system and management model is established. B. Subway Operation Safety Defense System Subway operation safety defense system is the second system. A better system directly determines the nonoccurrence of an accident during system operation. (1) Subway Operation Safety Defense Theory System Safety defense theory system mainly analyses stage mechanism of the system from macroscopic perspective, analyses asymmetric mechanism of the system from logical perspective, analyses unreliability of the mechanism from systematical perspective. In order to find the weak point of subway operation system, subway operation safety defense theory system is established. (2) Subway Operation Safety Defense Technology System Technology system directly involves in the subway safety work. Safety defense technology system emphasizes real-time, linkage and system. (3) Subway Operation Safety Defense Management System Management system is a good integration on static and dynamic safeguard mechanism, hierarchical safeguard mechanism from safety defense theory system and safety defense technology

system.(4) Subway Operation Safety Defense Regulation and Standard SystemSafety defense regulation and standard system is a good application in the successful model of theinstitutionalization and standardization on theory, technology, management System.C.Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue systemSubway operation emergency and rescue system is a"remedy"system under the failure, whichaims at minimizing the severity of the accident hazards.(1)Subway Operation Safety Emergency and RescueTheory SystemSubway operation emergency and rescue system is a fundamental theoretical research accordingto the first vital signs, fast response and interaction scheduling mechanism, accidents and disastersreproduction and emergency responses, aimed at providing a theoretical basis of technical system andmanagement system and regulations and standards system.(2) Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue Technology SystemSubway operation emergency and rescuetechnology system combines the front emergency rescuetechniques and emergency rescue back-end technology according to the emergency rescue theorysystem and the core is to emphasize the linkage and fast.(3)Subway Operation Safety Emergency and RescueManagement SystemSubway operation emergency and rescue management system is established based on the rescueplan, action plan, rapid response plan, and integration and rescue mechanism.(4) Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue Regulation and Standard SystemAccidents disasters emergency and rescue regulation and standard system is established to ensurethe effective implementation for classification standardization of accidents disasters, rescue gradestandardization, standardization of aid decision-making.VICONCLUSION(1) According to a major subway accident occurred, the characteristic, operation pattern, systemfailure pattern of subway operation system is analyzed in this paper. The principle of systemengineering is used, Comprehensive Safety Management System Framework was established forsubway operational safety system.(2) Subway comprehensive safety management system has been analyzed and evaluatedaccording to the various factors affecting subway operation safety system.(3) Many factors cannot give a very accurate description with a certain degree of ambiguity in theassessment, the improvement of safety information directly affects the accuracy of the safetymanagement evaluation and analysis, therefore, a sound safety information database is very necessary

system. (4) Subway Operation Safety Defense Regulation and Standard System Safety defense regulation and standard system is a good application in the successful model of the institutionalization and standardization on theory, technology, management System. C. Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue system Subway operation emergency and rescue system is a "remedy" system under the failure, which aims at minimizing the severity of the accident hazards. (1) Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue Theory System Subway operation emergency and rescue system is a fundamental theoretical research according to the first vital signs, fast response and interaction scheduling mechanism, accidents and disasters reproduction and emergency responses, aimed at providing a theoretical basis of technical system and management system and regulations and standards system. (2) Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue Technology System Subway operation emergency and rescue technology system combines the front emergency rescue techniques and emergency rescue back-end technology according to the emergency rescue theory system and the core is to emphasize the linkage and fast. (3) Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue Management System Subway operation emergency and rescue management system is established based on the rescue plan, action plan, rapid response plan, and integration and rescue mechanism. (4) Subway Operation Safety Emergency and Rescue Regulation and Standard System Accidents disasters emergency and rescue regulation and standard system is established to ensure the effective implementation for classification standardization of accidents disasters, rescue grade standardization, standardization of aid decision-making. VI. CONCLUSION (1) According to a major subway accident occurred, the characteristic, operation pattern, system failure pattern of subway operation system is analyzed in this paper. The principle of system engineering is used, Comprehensive Safety Management System Framework was established for subway operational safety system. (2) Subway comprehensive safety management system has been analyzed and evaluated according to the various factors affecting subway operation safety system. (3) Many factors cannot give a very accurate description with a certain degree of ambiguity in the assessment, the improvement of safety information directly affects the accuracy of the safety management evaluation and analysis, therefore, a sound safety information database is very necessary