《地理学概论》课程教学资源（文献资料）World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated

Article World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated MARKUS KOTTEK!,JURGEN GRIESER2,CHRISTOPH BECK2,BRUNO RUDOLF2 and FRANZ RUBEL* Uni (Manuscript received December 19,005,in revised form February ,accepted) Abstract and s well as (CRU) ete klim die r aus dem Ja Forsch ab. auf 1 Introduction The first quantitative classification of world climates humid with cool summer pen e”1954nd1961R0C pen clas ns or develo a (1894-1981).Many of the early German publications (KOPPEN,1900 GEIGER 1954,1957)from this area are the most frequently used climate classification.Many not easily acces extbooks on climatology reproduce th world map of (1989)or ESSENWANGER (2001). n of the hist ical hand-drawr maps (e.g,KRAUS,2004).In order to close this gap nts are we pres the basis of five vegetation groups determined by the om up-to- and n French botanist De Candolle referring to the climate The importance of an updated digital map may be s or the ancien ANDERSON ndrcgionalst udies tha plants of the equatorial zone ()the arid zone(B).the warm temperate zone (C),the snow zone (D)and the po tified and explained the continental-scale variability in lar zone (E).A second letter in the classification consid annual runoff by applying Koppen's climate classifica hel Bic clmate ming na n pre il of inar 0941-294 D0:10.11270941-2948/2006/0130

Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 15, No. 3, 259-263 (June 2006) c by Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 Article World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated MARKUS KOTTEK1 , JÜRGEN GRIESER2 , CHRISTOPH BECK2 , BRUNO RUDOLF2 and FRANZ RUBEL∗1 1Biometeorology Group, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany (Manuscript received December 19, 2005; in revised form February 28, 2006; accepted April 10, 2006) Abstract The most frequently used climate classification map is that of Wladimir Köppen, presented in its latest version 1961 by Rudolf Geiger. A huge number of climate studies and subsequent publications adopted this or a former release of the Köppen-Geiger map. While the climate classification concept has been widely applied to a broad range of topics in climate and climate change research as well as in physical geography, hydrology, agriculture, biology and educational aspects, a well-documented update of the world climate classification map is still missing. Based on recent data sets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the German Weather Service, we present here a new digital Köppen-Geiger world map on climate classification, valid for the second half of the 20th century. Zusammenfassung Die am häufigsten verwendete Klimaklassifikationskarte ist jene von Wladimir Köppen, die in der letzten Auflage von Rudolf Geiger aus dem Jahr 1961 vorliegt. Seither bildeten viele Klimabücher und Fachartikel diese oder eine frühere Ausgabe der Köppen-Geiger Karte ab. Obwohl das Schema der Klimaklassifikation in vielen Forschungsgebieten wie Klima und Klimaänderung aber auch physikalische Geographie, Hydrolo￾gie, Landwirtschaftsforschung, Biologie und Ausbildung zum Einsatz kommt, fehlt bis heute eine gut doku￾mentierte Aktualisierung der Köppen-Geiger Klimakarte. Basierend auf neuesten Datensätzen des Climatic Research Unit (CRU) der Universität von East Anglia und des Weltzentrums für Niederschlagsklimatologie (WZN) am Deutschen Wetterdienst präsentieren wir hier eine neue digitale Köppen-Geiger Weltkarte für die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. 1 Introduction The first quantitative classification of world climates was presented by the German scientist Wladimir Köp￾pen (1846–1940) in 1900; it has been available as world map updated 1954 and 1961 by Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981). Many of the early German publications (KÖPPEN, 1900; GEIGER 1954, 1957) from this area are not easily accessible today; here we refer to the compre￾hensive summaries on this topic given by, e.g., HANTEL (1989) or ESSENWANGER (2001). Köppen was trained as a plant physiologist and re￾alised that plants are indicators for many climatic el￾ements. His effective classification was constructed on the basis of five vegetation groups determined by the French botanist De Candolle referring to the climate zones of the ancient Greeks (SANDERSON, 1999) The five vegetation groups of Köppen distinguish between plants of the equatorial zone (A), the arid zone (B), the warm temperate zone (C), the snow zone (D) and the po￾lar zone (E). A second letter in the classification consid- ∗Corresponding author: Franz Rubel, Biometeorology Group, De￾partment of Natural Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vi￾enna, 1210 Vienna, Austria, e-mail: franz.rubel@vu-wien.ac.at ers the precipitation (e.g. Df for snow and fully humid), a third letter the air temperature (e.g. Dfc for snow, fully humid with cool summer). Although various authors published enhanced Köp￾pen classifications or developed new classifications, the climate classification originally developed by Köppen (here referred to as Köppen-Geiger classification) is still the most frequently used climate classification. Many textbooks on climatology reproduce a world map of Köppen-Geiger climate classes, due to the lack of recent maps mostly a copy of one of the historical hand-drawn maps (e.g., KRAUS, 2004). In order to close this gap we present a digital world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification calculated from up-to-date global temperature and precipitation data sets. The importance of an updated digital map may be recognized by looking at global and regional studies that use the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Represen￾tative for hydrological studies PEEL et al. (2001) iden￾tified and explained the continental-scale variability in annual runoff by applying Köppen’s climate classifica￾tion. Applications to climate modelling have been pre￾sented, for example, by LOHMANN et al. (1993) to val￾idate general circulation model control runs of present DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 0941-2948/2006/0130 $ 2.25 c Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart 2006

260 M.Kottek et al.:World Map of the Koppen-Geiger elimate classification updated Meteorol.Z.15,2006 Table:Key to calculate the cimate formula of Koppen and Geiger for the mainclimates and subsequent preeipitation tio,therst two etters of the classification.Note that for the polarclimates(E)no precipitation differentiations are given,ony temperature conditions obe determ quer explained in the text. Type Description Criterion Af Equatorial climates fully humid 2500-Pmm) BS Arid W Desert climate Pam≤5Ph neither Cs nor Cw -3C >3P neither Ds nor Dw Polar climates 0吧+10 Frost climate 0+0℃ climate a well as which checked for inho in the station the global land areas excluding Antarctica.It is publicly Both, N et CRU www.cruuca ac uk)and will be referred to ate the nd data set (BECK et al 2005)is pro vided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC cated at the German Weather Service.Thi les sin lobal and It was developed on the basis of the most comprehen- 2 Data and method sive dat recipitation data Two global control to minimise the risk of generating temporal in up ma即 homogeneities in the gridded d re degree latitude/ith month rred to a esotion.The first data set isprovided b y the C and is /gpec dwd de).Both.CRU TS2 and VASClimo v1.i data,cover the 50-year period 1951 to 2000 se- in this study for updating the Koppen-Geiger stations comprising nine climate variables from which map ave been analysed from ese Variability Analysis of Surface Climate Observation

260 M. Kottek et al.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated Meteorol. Z., 15, 2006 Table 1: Key to calculate the climate formula of Köppen and Geiger for the main climates and subsequent precipitation conditions, the first two letters of the classification. Note that for the polar climates (E) no precipitation differentiations are given, only temperature conditions are defined. This key implies that the polar climates (E) have to be determined first, followed by the arid climates (B) and subsequent differentiations into the equatorial climates (A) and the warm temperate and snow climates (C) and (D), respectively. The criteria are explained in the text. Type Description Criterion A Equatorial climates Tmin ≥ +18 ◦C Af Equatorial rainforest, fully humid Pmin ≥ 60 mm Am Equatorial monsoon Pann ≥ 25(100−Pmin) As Equatorial savannah with dry summer Pmin 5 Pth BW Desert climate Pann ≤ 5 Pth C Warm temperate climates −3 ◦C 3 Psmin and Psmin 10 Pwmin Cf Warm temperate climate, fully humid neither Cs nor Cw D Snow climates Tmin ≤ −3 ◦C Ds Snow climate with dry summer Psmin 3 Psmin and Psmin 10 Pwmin Df Snow climate, fully humid neither Ds nor Dw E Polar climates Tmax < +10 ◦C ET Tundra climate 0 ◦C ≤ Tmax < +10 ◦C EF Frost climate Tmax < 0 ◦C climate as well as greenhouse gas warming simulations. KLEIDON et al. (2000) investigated the maximum possi￾ble influence of vegetation on the global climate by con￾ducting climate model simulations. Both, LOHMANN et al. (1993) and KLEIDON et al. (2000) applied the Köp￾pen classification to model simulations to illustrate the differences in simulation results. The updated Köppen￾Geiger climates presented here will support future stud￾ies similar to those discussed above. 2 Data and method Two global data sets of climate observations have been selected to update the historical world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes. Both are available on a regular 0.5 degree latitude/longitude grid with monthly resolution. The first data set is provided by the Cli￾matic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia (MITCHELL and JONES, 2005) and delivers grids of monthly climate observations from meteorological stations comprising nine climate variables from which only temperature is used in this study. The temperature fields have been analysed from time-series observations, which are checked for inhomogeneities in the station￾records by an automated method. This data set covers the global land areas excluding Antarctica. It is publicly available (www.cru.uea.ac.uk) and will be referred to as CRU TS 2.1. The second data set (BECK et al., 2005) is pro￾vided by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) located at the German Weather Service. This new gridded monthly precipitation data set covers the global land areas excluding Greenland and Antarctica. It was developed on the basis of the most comprehen￾sive data-base of monthly observed precipitation data world-wide built by the GPCC. All observations in this station data base are subject to a multi-stage quality control to minimise the risk of generating temporal in￾homogeneities in the gridded data due to varying sta￾tion densities. This dataset is referred to as VASClimO v1.11 and is also freely available for scientific purposes (http://gpcc.dwd.de). Both, CRU TS 2.1 and VASClimO v1.1 data, cover the 50-year period 1951 to 2000 se￾lected in this study for updating the Köppen-Geiger map. 1Variability Analysis of Surface Climate Observations

Meteoml.Z.15.2006 M.Kottek et al.:World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated 261 CRU TS 2.1 temperature and VASClimO vl

Meteorol. Z., 15, 2006 M. Kottek et al.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated 261 −160 −140 −120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 −160 −140 −120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 −80 −70 −60 −50 −40 −30−20−10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 −90 −80 −70 −60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 10 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Af Am As Aw BWk BWh BSk BSh Cfa Cfb Cfc Csa Csb Csc Cwa Cwb Cwc Dfa Dfb Dfc Dfd Dsa Dsb Dsc Dsd Dwa Dwb Dwc Dwd EF ET World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification updated with CRU TS 2.1 temperature and VASClimO v1.1 precipitation data 1951 to 2000 Main cli mates A: equatorial B: arid C: warm temperate D: snow E: polar Precipitation W: desert S: steppe f: fully humid s: summer dry w: winter dry m: monsoonal Temperature a: hot summer b: warm summer c: cool summer d: extremely continental h: hot arid k: cold arid F: polar frost T: polar tundra Resolution: 0.5 deg lat/lon Figure 1: World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated with mean monthly CRU TS 2.1 temperature and VASClimO v1.1 precipitation data for the period 1951 to 2000 on a regular 0.5 degree latitude/longitude grid

262 M.Kottek et al.:World Map of the Koppen-Geiger elimate classification updated Meteorol.Z.15.2006 Table2:Key to calculate the third letter temperature classification (h)and (k)for the arid climates (B)and (a)to(d)for the warm temperat and snow climates (C)and (D).Note that for type (b)warm summer,a threshold temperature value of+Chas toocur for at least fou months.The criteria are explained in the text Type Deseription Criterion m2t将8 >+220 cold winter extremely continental like (c)but≤-38C been published,the calculation scheme for the Koppen- the coldest month Tmin above-3C while a third let- HANTE KRAU 200418ncti0n the (Csd)(Cwd)and (Cfd)c realised and 31 reproducibility of the digital data set presented here. mate classes remain.Koppen and Geiger recognised that not all of the letters of the cla ounta map of the Koppen-Geiger ci warmest and coldest months by Tmax and Tmin s the accumu th Add ation and and p eree latitude ongitude grid.All 3 climate classes are illustrated with different colours although one of these ers (C all areas L naddition to these temperature and precipitation d climates (whispnds o been set manually to the polar frost climate (EF)by and on the annual cycle of precipitation available However,this has 2{Tann} if at least 2/of the annual )r pola (Tab 1) 2(T)+14 occurs in summer. The resulting world map depicted in Fig.I corre- (2.) ponds quite I with the historical hand-drawn maps details due to the high spatial well as for the warm temperate and snow climates (C) g digital data.For example where Ton de- 4 Conclusion 3 Results SANDERSON(1999)stated in the closing sentence of her at most ifferent climate

262 M. Kottek et al.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated Meteorol. Z., 15, 2006 Table 2: Key to calculate the third letter temperature classification (h) and (k) for the arid climates (B) and (a) to (d) for the warm temperate and snow climates (C) and (D). Note that for type (b), warm summer, a threshold temperature value of +10 ◦C has to occur for at least four months. The criteria are explained in the text. Type Description Criterion h Hot steppe / desert Tann ≥ +18 ◦C k Cold steppe /desert Tann −38 ◦C d extremely continental like (c) but Tmin ≤ −38 ◦C Since various different, sometimes just slightly mod￾ified, versions of Köppen’s climate classification have been published, the calculation scheme for the Köppen￾Geiger classes as applied here will now be briefly de￾scribed (for more details see, e.g., section 13.4.2 of HANTEL, 1989; KRAUS, 2004). This guarantees the reproducibility of the digital data set presented here. The key to the main climates, characterized by the first two letters of the classification, is described in Tab. 1. The annual mean near-surface (2 m) temperature is de￾noted by Tann and the monthly mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest months by Tmax and Tmin, respec￾tively. Pann is the accumulated annual precipitation and Pmin is the precipitation of the driest month. Additionally Psmin, Psmax, Pwmin and Pwmax are defined as the lowest and highest monthly precipitation values for the summer and winter half-years on the hemisphere considered. All temperatures are given in ◦C, monthly precipitations in mm/month and Pann in mm/year. In addition to these temperature and precipitation values a dryness threshold Pth in mm is introduced for the arid climates (B), which depends on {Tann}, the ab￾solute measure of the annual mean temperature in ◦C, and on the annual cycle of precipitation: Pth =    2{Tann} if at least 2/3 of the annual precipitation occurs in winter, 2{Tann}+28 if at least 2/3 of the annual precipitation occurs in summer, 2{Tann}+14 otherwise. (2.1) The scheme how to determine the additional temper￾ature conditions (third letter) for the arid climates (B) as well as for the warm temperate and snow climates (C) and (D), respectively, is given in Tab. 2, where Tmon de￾notes the mean monthly temperature in ◦C. 3 Results Combining the three letters depicted in Tab. 1 and Tab. 2 leads to at most 34 possible different climate classes. Three of these classes cannot occur by definition since a warm temperate climate (C) needs a temperature of the coldest month Tmin above –3 ◦C while a third let￾ter climate (d), extremely continental, needs a temper￾ature of the coldest month below –38 ◦C. Therefore (Csd), (Cwd) and (Cfd) cannot be realised and 31 cli￾mate classes remain. Köppen and Geiger recognised that not all of the remaining types occur in a large areal amount and therefore not all of these types may be of climatological importance. Fig. 1 shows a world map of the Köppen-Geiger cli￾mate classification updated with mean monthly CRU TS 2.1 temperature and VASClimO v1.1 precipitation data for the period 1951 to 2000 on a regular 0.5 de￾gree latitude/longitude grid. All 31 climate classes are illustrated with different colours although one of these classes (Dsd) does never occur in this map and some others (Cfc, Csc, Cwc, Dsa, Dsb and Dsc) occur only in very small areas. Having neither temperature nor pre￾cipitation data available for Antarctica this region has been set manually to the polar frost climate (EF) by the use of a 0.5◦ land-sea-mask operationally applied at the GPCC. Also for Greenland no precipitation data are available. However, this has no influence on the classi- fication since temperature data strongly suggest that the climate of Greenland is either polar tundra (ET) or polar frost (EF) and is therefore independent of precipitation (Tab. 1). The resulting world map depicted in Fig. 1 corre￾sponds quite well with the historical hand-drawn maps of the Köppen-Geiger climates, but shows more regional details due to the high spatial resolution of 0.5 degree and provides the opportunity for further investigations by applying the underlying digital data. For example, studies on depicting global climate change have been performed by the authors and will be published soon. 4 Conclusion SANDERSON (1999) stated in the closing sentence of her review paper on climate classifications: Modern atlases and geography textbooks continue to use the 100-year

Meteorol.Z.15,2006 M.Kottek et al:World Map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated 263 old koppen classification of climate and she asked GEIGER,R.1954:Landolt-Bornstein -Zahler und Is it not time for modern atm nheric scientists to de】 Funktionen aus Physik,Chemie, velop a "new"classification of world climates?We be- lieve that the climate classification concept developed in the first t half of the 20th century by Koppen and Geiger next future;in fact 2004 HANTEL HANTEL 2005) Up data and applied to climate model es vol 2,Ch2474 presen predictions (e.g.LOHMANN et al.,1993:KLEIDON et al 2000),the Koppen-Geiger classification might have Bomstein- a good chance to be applicable for another 100 years. -Springer. The world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classi- ed sthe KLEIDON,A.,K.FRAEDRICH,M.HEIMANN,2000:-A man Weather ntre GPCC) Se vice (http//g dwd de) nd the Uni mate Change 4.471493 versity of veterinany y Medicine Vienna (http:/koeppen- KOPPEN,W,1900:-Versuch einer Klassifikation der Kli geiger.vu-wien.ac.at). Acknowledgements KRAUS,H.,2004:Die Atmosphare der Erde.Eine Einfuhrung in die Meteorologie.-Springer,Berlin,422 pp. of Edu MCUBASCH I PERLWITZ BENGT 1993 The Koppen climate classifica on as the EP6 Int grated pr ject GEOLAND(SIP3-CT-2003. 502871)funded parts of this work. References 89gYciaedhgh-reotuiongn达-nLrCimao25 PEE M C.T A MCMAHON.B.L FINLAYSON planation of 181 -190.Genble at ht ath Offenbach,Germany SANDERSON,M.,1999:The clas ESsENWANGER,O.M.,2001:Classification of Climates. IC

Meteorol. Z., 15, 2006 M. Kottek et al.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated 263 old Köppen classification of climate . . . , and she asked: Is it not time for modern atmospheric scientists to de￾velop a "new" classification of world climates? We be￾lieve that the climate classification concept developed in the first half of the 20th century by Köppen and Geiger is not likely to be discarded in the next future; in fact, it still appears to meet the needs of today’s climate sci￾entists (ESSENWANGER, 2001; KRAUS, 2004). Updated on the basis of recent (HANTEL, 2005) and future high resolution climate data and applied to climate model predictions (e.g. LOHMANN et al., 1993; KLEIDON et al., 2000), the Köppen-Geiger classification might have a good chance to be applicable for another 100 years. The world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classi- fication presented here as well as the underlying digital data are publicly available and distributed by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the Ger￾man Weather Service (http://gpcc.dwd.de) and the Uni￾versity of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (http://koeppen￾geiger.vu-wien.ac.at). Acknowledgements The German Climate Research Programme (DEKLIM) of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the FP6 Integrated project GEOLAND (SIP3-CT-2003- 502871) funded parts of this work. References BECK, C., J. GRIESER, B. RUDOLF, 2005: A New Monthly Precipitation Climatology for the Global Land Areas for the Period 1951 to 2000. – Climate status report 2004, 181–190, German Weather Service, Offenbach, Germany. Reprint available at http://gpcc.dwd.de. ESSENWANGER, O. M., 2001: Classification of Climates, World Survey of Climatology 1C, General Climatology. – Elsevier, Amsterdam, 102 pp. GEIGER, R., 1954: Landolt-Börnstein – Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik, alte Serie Vol. 3, Ch. Klassifikation der Kli￾mate nach W. Köppen. – Springer, Berlin. 603–607. —, 1961: Überarbeitete Neuausgabe von Geiger, R.: Köppen￾Geiger / Klima der Erde. (Wandkarte 1:16 Mill.). – Klett￾Perthes, Gotha. HANTEL, M. 1989: Climatology, Series Landolt-Börnstein – Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series Vol. 4C2, Ch. The present global surface climate. – Springer, Berlin, 117–474. — (Ed.), 2005: Observed Global Climate, Series Landolt￾Börnstein – Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series Vol. 6A. – Springer, Berlin. KLEIDON, A., K. FRAEDRICH, M. HEIMANN, 2000: – A green planet versus a desert world: Estimating the maxi￾mum effect of vegetation on the land surface climate. – Cli￾mate Change 44, 471–493. KÖPPEN, W., 1900: – Versuch einer Klassifikation der Kli￾mate, vorzugsweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzen￾welt. – Geogr. Zeitschr. 6, 593–611, 657–679. KRAUS, H., 2004: Die Atmosphäre der Erde. Eine Einführung in die Meteorologie. – Springer, Berlin, 422 pp. LOHMANN, U., R. SAUSEN, L. BENGTSSON, U. CUBASCH, J. PERLWITZ, E. ROECKNER, 1993: The Köppen climate classification as a diagnostic tool for general circulation models. – Climate Res. 3, 177–193. MITCHELL, T. D., P. D. JONES, 2005: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. – Int. J. Climatol. 25, 693–712. PEEL, M. C., T. A. MCMAHON, B. L. FINLAYSON, F. G. R. WATSON, 2001: Identification and explanation of continental differences in the variability of annual runoff. – J. Hydrol. 250, 224–240. SANDERSON, M., 1999: The classification of climates from Pythagoras to Koeppen. – Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 80, 669–673