《大学英语》课程教学资源（写作技巧）论段落的展开6/6

论段落的展开6用举例和归纳方式展开通过举例来展开段落，可以使主题句的抽象的意思具体化；生动的例证可以给读者留下一个清晰、有趣、深刻且信服的印象。例证可以只举一个，也可以举一组。范文This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction toEuropean Culture, for instance,gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history ofEuropean philosophy, literature, and arts.From time to time we see slide shows of famouspaintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all themore interesting.American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a largeaudience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trendsand changes in Americanlife as well as Americanhistory and traditions.Welike these andothercoursesverymuch,becausetheyhelpusnotonlytoimproveourEnglishbutalsotobroaden our vision.Student【分析】在这段中作者举了两个例子来说明为什么有些课程如第一句所说“既有用，又有趣”下面的段落用几个名人的一系列实例来阐述这个中心思想，将“坚持不懈的调查研究”这个抽象的概念具体化，使内容更生动、有趣。我们可以注意到，举例子时不必每次都使用forexample,forinstance这样的词语。范文Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthyexaminationofthecharacteristicsof matterandenergy,formulatedhisfamousTheoryofRelativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plastercasts offootprints,fingerprints, and stray strands ofhair, a detective pertinaciously pursues

论段落的展开 6 用举例和归纳方式展开 通过举例来展开段落，可以使主题句的抽象的意思具体化；生动的例证可以给读 者留下一个清晰、有趣、深刻且信服的印象。例证可以只举一个，也可以举一组。 范文 This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision. —Student 【分析】 在这段中作者举了两个例子来说明为什么有些课程如第一句所说 “既有用，又有趣” 下面的段落用几个名人的一系列实例来阐述这个中心思想，将“坚持不懈的调查研究” 这个抽象的概念具体化，使内容更生动、有趣。我们可以注意到，举例子时不 必每 次都使用 for example, for instance 这样的词语。 范文 Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray strands of hair, a detective pertinaciously pursues

the criminal.After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of thespectraof some350000 stars.Investigations into the causes of poliohaveprovided uswith the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years ofresearch.As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, andcontributetothe storeofhumanknowledge-Earl Rudolph【分析】此段为了是说明，人类的知识需要不断求索，这个中心。下面提出了好多人的例子，通过这些例子，不难归纳出第一句的论断。整段是从一般到具体的结构。范文My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the loveliest child I have even seen. Her face islike a red apple and her eyes are like bright stars. When you carry her in your arms, shelikes to put her arms around your neck.All the grown-ups in the family love her very muchand often try to make her smile. But quite often it is she who makes us laugh. Once Iwinked at her and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched me attentively. Then shetried to imitate. While we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both eyes at the sametime, and then quickly opened them again. And that was her way to wink. We all burst intolaughter. When we looked at her again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she was asking"Whatare youlaughingat?"-Student【分析】上面的段落是描述性的，包含了许多细节。首句即是主题句，所有的细节都围绕着这个段首的主题句展开，用的是从概括到具体的展开模式。另一种通过例子或细节展开段落的方法是从具体到概括，即先叙述细节，把概括性的主题句放在段尾，总结全段的主要意思。范文Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should orshould not turn the plate over to look at the maker's symbol on the back; whether you put

the criminal. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge. —Earl Rudolph 【分析】 此段为了是说明，人类的知识需要不断求索，这个中心。下面提出了好多人的例子， 通过这些例子，不难归纳出第一句的论断。整段是从一般到具体的结构。 范文 My little niece, a ten-month-old baby, is the loveliest child I have even seen. Her face is like a red apple and her eyes are like bright stars. When you carry her in your arms, she likes to put her arms around your neck. All the grown-ups in the family love her very much and often try to make her smile. But quite often it is she who makes us laugh. Once I winked at her and she smiled. When I did it again, she watched me attentively. Then she tried to imitate. While we closed one eye to wink, she had to close both eyes at the same time, and then quickly opened them again. And that was her way to wink. We all burst into laughter. When we looked at her again, she was staring at us, puzzled, as if she was asking: "What are you laughing at?" —Student 【分析】 上面的段落是描述性的，包含了许多细节。首句即是主题句，所有的细节都围绕着这 个段首的主题句展开，用的是从概括到具体的展开模式。另一种通过例子或细节展开 段落的方法是从具体到概括，即先叙述细节，把概括性的主题句放在段尾，总结全段 的主要意思。 范文 Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should or should not turn the plate over to look at the maker's symbol on the back; whether you put

your coat on before or after you leave the host's house; whether you eat as quietly or asnoisilyaspossible,whetheryoucarryonaconversationduringameal;whetheryou walkin front of or behind a seated person; whether it is a friendly or an offensive gesture to putyour hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talking—these and a thousandother questions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently right or wrong,and none is good or a bad manner except as a society defines it soIna CorinneBrown【分析】段落中的细节和例子通常按照它们的重要性或趣味性排列：分量轻或趣味性弱的靠前，分量重或趣味性强的置后。范文It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white. Thewind was howling, swirling and tumbling over a vast land of ice and snow, freeing anddestroying whatever stood in its way.A ragged, misshapen army was staggering andstruggling desperatelyfor survival, cold, hungry and decreasing in size every day.The yearwas 1812.The army was the remnants of Napoleon's expeditionary force which waswithdrawingfromRussiaafterreceivingitsworstdefeat.ThewarwithRussiaturnedoutto be a fiascofor Napoleon and had a devastating effect on his career.-Student【分析】按重要性或趣味性的顺序叙述不仅适用于举例和归纳展开法，也适用于类比和对比展开法以及原因和结果展开法等。表示举例和归纳的常用词及短语forexamplein substantiationforinstanceto substantiatefor one thing as an llustrationto illustrateinoneinstanceinoneinstanceinthisinstance

your coat on before or after you leave the host's house; whether you eat as quietly or as noisily as possible; whether you carry on a conversation during a meal; whether you walk in front of or behind a seated person; whether it is a friendly or an offensive gesture to put your hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talking— these and a thousand other questions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently right or wrong, and none is good or a bad manner except as a society defines it so. —Ina Corinne Brown 【分析】 段落中的细节和例子通常按照它们的重要性或趣味性排列：分量轻或趣味性弱的靠 前，分量重或趣味性强的置后。 范文 It was a typical Russian winter. The first snowstorm had turned everything white. The wind was howling, swirling and tumbling over a vast land of ice and snow, freeing and destroying whatever stood in its way. A ragged, misshapen army was staggering and struggling desperately for survival, cold, hungry and decreasing in size every day. The year was 1812. The army was the remnants of Napoleon's expeditionary force which was withdrawing from Russia after receiving its worst defeat. The war with Russia turned out to be a fiasco for Napoleon and had a devastating effect on his career. —Student 【分析】 按重要性或趣味性的顺序叙述不仅适用于举例和归纳展开法，也适用于类比和对比展 开法以及原因和结果展开法等。 表示举例和归纳的常用词及短语 for example in substantiation for instance to substantiate for one thing as an illustration to illustrate in one instance in one instance in this instance

inotherwordsas anexampletake(sth.as)anexampleinpracticeaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidence

in other words as an example take (sth. as) an example in practice according to statistics according to statistical evidence