武汉大学生命科学学院：《分子生物学》（英文版）Part III：Expression of the Genome CHAPTER14 Translation

Molecular Biology of the Gene 5/E -Watson et al. (2004) Part l: Chemistry and genetics Part Maintenance of the Genome Part l: Expression of the Genome Part IV: Regulation Part V: Methods

2021/1/21 2 Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5/E --- Watson et al. (2004) Part I: Chemistry and Genetics Part II: Maintenance of the Genome Part III: Expression of the Genome Part IV: Regulation Part V: Methods

Part III: Expression of the Ro2vvzt Genome a This part concerned with one of the greatest challenges in understanding the gene how the gene is expressed

2021/1/21 3 Part III: Expression of the Genome ◼ This part concerned with one of the greatest challenges in understanding the gene－ how the gene is expressed

2021/1/21 Part ll: Expression of the Genome Ch 12: Mechanisms of transcription Ch 13: RNA splicing Ch 14: Translation Ch 15: The genetic code translation DNA RNA protein

2021/1/21 4 Part III: Expression of the Genome Ch 12: Mechanisms of transcription Ch 13: RNA splicing Ch 14: Translation Ch 15: The genetic code DNA RNA protein translation

名 Chapter 14 Translation

2021/1/21 5 Chapter 14: Translation

2021/1/21 What is translation? -it is the story about decoding the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins

2021/1/21 6 What is translation? --it is the story about decoding the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins

2021/1/21 Questions addressed in this chapter a What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? a What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? What is the structure of trnas and how do aminoacyl tRNa synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? how does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

2021/1/21 7 Questions addressed in this chapter: ◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

2021/1/21 Translation extremely costs In rapid growing bacterial cells protein synthesis consumes 80% of the cells energy a50% of the cell's dry weight Why?

2021/1/21 8 Translation extremely costs In rapid growing bacterial cells, protein synthesis consumes ◼ 80% of the cell’s energy ◼ 50% of the cell’s dry weight Why?

2021/1/21 The main challenges of translation a The genetic information in mRNa cannot be recognized b amino acids a The genetic code has to be recognized by an adaptor molecule(translator, and this adaptor has to accurately recruit the corresponding amino acid

2021/1/21 9 The main challenges of translation ◼ The genetic information in mRNA cannot be recognized by amino acids. ◼ The genetic code has to be recognized by an adaptor molecule (translator), and this adaptor has to accurately recruit the corresponding amino acid

2021/1/21 Translation machinery 1.mRNAS(N5% of total cellular RNA) 2. tRNAS(~15%) 3. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (氨酰tRNA合成酶) 4. ribosomes( 100 proteins and 3-4 rRNAs~80%) 10

2021/1/21 10 Translation machinery 1. mRNAs (~5% of total cellular RNA) 2. tRNAs (~15%) 3. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (氨酰tRNA合成酶) 4. ribosomes (~100 proteins and 3-4 rRNAs--~80%)

Outline 2021/1/21 Topics 1-4: Four components of translation machinery T1-mRNA: T2-tRNA: T3-Attachment of amino acids to tRNa (aminoacyl- RNA synthetases); T4-The ribosome Topic 5-6: Translation process. T5-initiation; T6-elongation; T7- termination Topic 8: Translation-dependent regulation of mRNA and protein stability

2021/1/21 11 Outline Topics 1-4: Four components of translation machinery. T1-mRNA; T2-tRNA; T3-Attachment of amino acids to tRNA (aminoacyl￾tRNA synthetases); T4-The ribosome Topic 5-6: Translation process. T5-initiation; T6-elongation; T7- termination. Topic 8: Translation-dependent regulation of mRNA and protein stability