浙江大学医学院：《医学史简论 A Brief History of Medicine》课程教学资源（PPT课件）A Brief History of Medicine（六）

医学史简论(6) A Brief History of Medicine 浙江大学医学院余海 Zhejiang University School of Medicine

医学史简论（6) A Brief History of Medicine 浙江大学医学院 余 海 Zhejiang University School of Medicine

Origin of Medicine Egypt Babylon India China Greece 乏 oo= Rome 3 Medieval Islamic medicine Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine ¨TCM

Origin of Medicine Egypt Babylon India China Greece Rome Medieval Islamic medicine Renaissance Pre-modern medicine Modern medicine TCM Western Medicine

Premodern Medicine: background 1642-1651 English Civil War(revolution) Replacement of English monarchy with the common wealth of england then with a protectorate under lord of Protector olive Cromwell, Charles ll(1630-1685)& James ll restoration of monarch(1660), William Ill (Prince of Orange and mary ll overthrew James ll, Glorious Revolution"(1688 Bill of rights"was passed and established constitutional monarchy(1689) Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 Tial and execution of Charles l for treason c

Premodern Medicine: background 1642-1651 English Civil War (revolution) Replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England, then with a Protectorate under Lord of Protector Olive Cromwell，Charles II （1630-1685） & James II restoration of monarch（1660） ，William III (Prince of Orange) and Mary II overthrew James II, “Glorious Revolution”(1688） “The Bill of Rights” was passed and established constitutional monarchy（1689） Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658 1649.1.30 Trial and execution of Charles I for treason

Premodern Medicine: background French revolution The tripod Liberty leading the people

Premodern Medicine: background French revolution "Liberty leading the people" The tripod

近代医学发畏的影响因素:资产阶级革命 French revolution 1789-1799 Liberty, Equality, fraternity Storming of basti‖le Execution of louis xVi with the guillotine T La prise de la Bastille le 1 4 juillet 1789 January 21, 1793

近代医学发展的影响因素：资产阶级革命 French Revolution 1789-1799 Liberty， Equality，Fraternity Execution of Louis XVI with the guillotine January 21, 1793 Storming of Bastille 1793.1.21

Pre-modern medicine: Industrial revolution The Industrial revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, mining and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. the onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way Steam power James Watt improved steam engine provided 瓦特1736-1819 powerful energy for dustrial revolutin James Watt

Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution 瓦特 1736-1819 James Watt Steam power - James Watt improved steam engine provided powerful energy for industrial revolutin The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way

Pre-modern medicine: Industrial revolution 火车 comotive 轮船 George Stephenson Steamer boat English Inventor Founder of railroads F1G.5一The“ octet.1829 1781-1848 (George Stephenson 1781-1848) and his locomotive(1829)

Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution (George Stephenson 1781-1848) and his locomotive（1829） 火车 Locomotive 轮船 Steamer boat

近代医学发展的影响因素:工业革命 The starting point-textile industry Superintendent and spinner in North Carolina textile mill, 1909 One-quarter of the employees in this mill were this girl's age or younger 以户P声Pbyv↓y 珍妮纺纱机 Spinner Jenny

近代医学发展的影响因素：工业革命 珍妮纺纱机 Spinner Jenny The starting point-textile industry

Pre-modern medicine: Scientific revolution Laws of motion: 1. First law: law of Inertia 2. Second law f=ma 3. Thirdly Action=Reaction Universal gravitation Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica( Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy )1897 Isaac Newton 1642-1727 obst a eitherat rest f ts eoe ty sequal to zero it moves woth onstant speed in a single direction. 天不生牛顿,万古如长夜 Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is Nature and nature s law lay hid in light, inversely proportional to the mass m of the body,ie, F=ma God said, let Newton be! And alwas light. Third aw when a first body exerts a force Fi on a secnd body, the second means 级乒 f and F2 are equalin magnitude and opposite in dire

Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific revolution Isaac Newton 1642-1727 天不生牛顿， 万古如长夜 Nature and nature’s law lay hid in light, God said, let Newton be! And all was light. Laws of Motion: 1. First law: Law of Inertia 2. Second law F=ma 3. Third law: Action=Reaction Universal Gravitation First law: If there is no net force on an object, then its velocity is constant. The object is either at rest (if its velocity is equal to zero), or it moves with constant speed in a single direction.[ Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma. Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy）1897

Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific thinking methodology (Enlightenment")Descartes'rationalism and Bacon 's empiricism had to be combined to produce the modern scientific method 培根 Francis bacon1561-1626 According to Bacon, scientists should experiment freely and collect facts about everything in the world, until in due time the accumulation of facts would make clear the way nature behaves, from the storehouse of accumulated facts scientists would induce the laws of nature.(inductive methodology) Knowledge itself is power 笛卡儿 Rene descartes1596-1650 According to Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence of God. Experiments needed to be done only to verify that the logical deduction of the laws of nature was correct. deductive methodology His aphorism is I think therefore I am ③=

Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific thinking & methodology (“Enlightenment”) Descartes' rationalism and Bacon's empiricism had to be combined to produce the modern scientific method 培根 Francis Bacon 1561-1626 According to Bacon, scientists should experiment freely and collect facts about everything in the world, until in due time the accumulation of facts would make clear the way nature behaves. From the storehouse of accumulated facts, scientists would induce the laws of nature. (inductive methodology ) Knowledge itself is power 笛卡儿 Rene Descartes 1596-1650 According to Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence of God. Experiments needed to be done only to verify that the logical deduction of the laws of nature was correct. (deductive methodology) His aphorism is I think therefore I am