上海交通大学：《学术英语写作与演讲 Academic Writing and Presentation in English》教学资源（课件讲稿）07 Abstract

⑧ Abstract When to write an abstract? How long should an abstract be? What are the essentials of an abstract?

Abstract When to write an abstract? How long should an abstract be? What are the essentials of an abstract?

Foundations of human reasoning in the prefrontal cortex Science Mael Donoso et al. Science344,1481(2014): DAAAS D0l:10.1126/science.1252254 HUMAN COGNITION Foundations of human reasoning in the prefrontal cortex Mael Donoso,12,3 Anne G.E.Collins,2,+Etienne Koechlin'.2,3* The prefrontal cortex(PFC)subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior.Little is known,however,about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC.Using computational modeling and neuroimaging,we show here that the human PFC has two concurrent inferential tracks:(i)one from ventromedial to dorsomedial PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of the ongoing behavioral strategy and arbitrates between adjusting this strategy versus exploring new ones from long-term memory.and (ii)another from polar to lateral PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of two or three alternative strategies and arbitrates between exploring new strategies versus exploiting these alternative ones.The two tracks interact and,along with the striatum,realize hypothesis testing for accepting versus rejecting newly created strategies

4) we show here that the human PFC has two concurrent inferential tracks:(i) one from ventromedial 腹内侧 to dorsomedial背内侧PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of the ongoing behavioral strategy and arbitrates between adjusting this strategy versus 5)The two tracks interact and,along with the striatum纹伏体，realize hypothesis testing for accepting versus rejecting newly created strategies

Abstract: 1) The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. 2) Little is known, however, about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC. 3) Using computational modeling and neuroimaging, 4) we show here that the human PFC has two concurrent inferential tracks: (i) one from ventromedial腹内侧 to dorsomedial背内侧PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of the ongoing behavioral strategy and arbitrates between adjusting this strategy versus exploring new ones from long￾term memory, and (ii) another from polar to lateral PFC regions that makes probabilistic inferences about the reliability of two or three alternative strategies and arbitrates between exploring new strategies versus exploiting these alternative ones. 5) The two tracks interact and, along with the striatum纹状体, realize hypothesis testing for accepting versus rejecting newly created strategies

③ Essentials of an Abstract Research background (Why is the research important?Why would a reader be interested in the research?) Existing problem (What problem does the research attempt to solve?What is the purpose of the scope of the project?) Methods employed (What are the scientific approaches used in the study?)

Essentials of an Abstract Research background (Why is the research important? Why would a reader be interested in the research?) Existing problem (What problem does the research attempt to solve? What is the purpose of the scope of the project?) Methods employed (What are the scientific approaches used in the study?) 3 2 1

国 Essentials of an Abstract Results or findings 4 (How do the research data indicate the results of the project?) Conclusions from the research (What can we conclude from the research?What changes should be implemented as a result of the work?How does this work add to the knowledge on the topic?)

Essentials of an Abstract Results or findings (How do the research data indicate the results of the project?) Conclusions from the research (What can we conclude from the research? What changes should be implemented as a result of the work? How does this work add to the knowledge on the topic?) 5 4

Abstract:1)Academic writing has been the subject of instruction and research for decades in most western universities.2)However, it is still at its embryo stage in Chinese universities.Whether and how it can be adapted to EFL learning environment in China is a question arousing controversy,which establishes the need for more research in the local background.3)In this study,30 students participated in academic writing course where a dynamic process imitating the actual research process was encouraged.We adopted the mixed methods of T-tests of students'draft/final thesis statement,draft/final outlines,One-way ANOVA of draft/revised/final research papers,classroom observation about research process and interview about students'perceptions about the course and their progress.4)The results indicate that there are significant differences between draft/revised/final research papers,and that most students improve their academic writing skills.5)The course encouraging the dynamic research process helps EFL learners improve their competence and confidence in academic writing

Abstract: 1) Academic writing has been the subject of instruction and research for decades in most western universities. 2) However, it is still at its embryo stage in Chinese universities. Whether and how it can be adapted to EFL learning environment in China is a question arousing controversy, which establishes the need for more research in the local background. 3) In this study, 30 students participated in academic writing course where a dynamic process imitating the actual research process was encouraged. We adopted the mixed methods of T-tests of students’ draft/final thesis statement, draft/final outlines, One-way ANOVA of draft/revised/final research papers, classroom observation about research process and interview about students’ perceptions about the course and their progress. 4) The results indicate that there are significant differences between draft/revised/final research papers, and that most students improve their academic writing skills. 5) The course encouraging the dynamic research process helps EFL learners improve their competence and confidence in academic writing

③ Abstract Essentials of an abstract: 01 02 03 Research Existing background problem Methods 04 05 Results Conc lusion

Abstract Essentials of an abstract: 01 02 03 04 05

Sentence Templets To DEFINE the background and argument of the present study Although (the research subject)...,(the related problem)...is as yet undetermined. (The research subject)...,however,(the related problem)...remains unsolved. (Previous studies)have examined...,(the related problem)is that..., despite... (Problems in certain research area)are...,yet(the present solution)has frequently been questioned because... This paper describes/presents...(the argument)within...(a theoretical context) ■ While (the debate on certain research subject)seems to...,(the present agreement)is still problematic

Sentence Templets

⑧ e.g.1)The prefrontal cortex(PFC)subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. 2)Little is known,however,about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC

e.g. 1) The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves reasoning in the service of adaptive behavior. 2) Little is known, however, about the architecture of reasoning processes in the PFC

1 e.g.1)Academic writing have been subjects of instruction and research for decades in most western universities.2)However,it is still at its embryo stage in Chinese universities.Whether and how it can be adapted to EFL learning environment in China is a question arousing controversy,which establishes the need for more research in the local background

e.g. 1) Academic writing have been subjects of instruction and research for decades in most western universities. 2) However, it is still at its embryo stage in Chinese universities. Whether and how it can be adapted to EFL learning environment in China is a question arousing controversy, which establishes the need for more research in the local background