上海交通大学：《学术英语写作与演讲 Academic Writing and Presentation in English》教学资源（课件讲稿）12 Purpose of Methods

Purpose of Methods The reader can judge whether the results and conclusions are valid The experiment can be repeated to evaluate whether the results are reproducible

Purpose of Methods

Methodology and method ·How did you collect or generate the data? How did you analyze the data?

Methodology and method • How did you collect or generate the data? · How did you analyze the data?

Two types of research methods Quantitative method Qualitative method If the question requires an When the question requires a experimental and scientific non-numerical explanation method

Two types of research methods Quantitative method If the question requires an experimental and scientific method Qualitative method When the question requires a non-numerical explanation

Basic procedure of a quantitative design 01 Make observations about something unknown or unexplained. 02 Investigate current theory about your problem or issue, 03 Hypothesize for observations. 04 Make a prediction of outcomes based on the hypotheses. 05 Formulate a plan to test your prediction. 06 Collect and process your data. 07 Verify and present your findings. 08 Make your final conclusions

Basic procedure of a quantitative design 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Make observations about something unknown or unexplained. Make your final conclusions. Verify and present your findings. Investigate current theory about your problem or issue. Hypothesize for observations. Make a prediction of outcomes based on the hypotheses. Formulate a plan to test your prediction. Collect and process your data

Observations ●uestion Hypothesis Prediction Test does not Test supports support hypothesis: Test: hypothesis:make revise hypothesis or experiment or additional predictions pose new one additional and test them observation

Methods Types of methods Are they quantitative or qualitative? If the research objective is to formulate only secondary research,then annual reports,censuses, articles,books etc.are used. 02 If the research objective is to collect first hand data, then the researcher devices -questionnaire -observation -interview

Methods Types of methods Are they quantitative or qualitative? o1 02 If the research objective is to formulate only secondary research, then annual reports, censuses, articles, books etc. are used. If the research objective is to collect first hand data, then the researcher devices -questionnaire -observation -interview

Parts of methods section o①Study design Selection of participants-selection criteria 2 and selection methods 03 Instruments Data collection procedure 05 Data analysis Example 1 p.86 Example 2 p.88

Parts of methods section 0 1 Study design 0 2 Selection of participants — selection criteria and selection methods 0 3 Instruments 0 4 Data collection procedure 0 5 Data analysis Example 1 p. 86 Example 2 p. 88

Activity (procedure )The flowchart illustrates the production of coloured plastic paper clips in a small factory.Write a report describing the production process

Activity (procedure ): The flowchart illustrates the production of coloured plastic paper clips in a small factory. Write a report describing the production process

Molten plastic Red mould Blue mould Yellow mould Quality control reject Machine-check for strength Sort by hand Mixed colours Single colours Quality control ? Check colour mixture/singles Packing and Despatch

general There are six main stages in the production of plastic paper clips from this small factory.Two of these stages involve actual preparation of the clips,while the other four consist of quality control before the clips are sent out from the factory to the retailers to be sold to the public

general There are six main stages in the production of plastic paper clips from this small factory. Two of these stages involve actual preparation of the clips, while the other four consist of quality control before the clips are sent out from the factory to the retailers to be sold to the public