上海交通大学：《学术英语写作与演讲 Academic Writing and Presentation in English》教学资源（课件讲稿）10 Paraphrase and Summary

⑧ Paraphrase and Summary

Paraphrase and Summary

⑧ Question What's the difference between a paraphrase and a summary? How do you do paraphrase and summary?

Question What’s the difference between a paraphrase and a summary? How do you do paraphrase and summary?

③ Essentials in paraphrasing Study your notes Use words or phrases similar in meaning to replace those in the original sentence Change the sentence structure by reversing the order of certain phrases e.g. X is the critical feature of y,but Z can also be present sometimes. While Z is sometimes present and sometimes not, the most important feature of Y is X

Essentials in paraphrasing Study your notes Use words or phrases similar in meaning to replace those in the original sentence Change the sentence structure by reversing the order of certain phrases e.g. X is the critical feature of Y, but Z can also be present sometimes. While Z is sometimes present and sometimes not, the most important feature of Y is X. 3 2 1

Basic steps to better summary Skim the text,noting the subheadings.If there are no subheadings,divide the text into sections. Read the text,highlighting important information or taking notes. In your own words,write down the main points of each section.Try to write a one- sentence summary of each section. Write down the key support points for the main topic,but do not include minor detail. Go through the process again,making changes as appropriate

Basic steps to better summary Skim the text, noting the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, divide the text into sections. Read the text, highlighting important information or taking notes. In your own words, write down the main points of each section. Try to write a one￾sentence summary of each section. 3 2 1 Write down the key support points for the main topic, but do not include minor detail. 4 Go through the process again, making changes as appropriate. 5

How to avoid coping from the source Take notes as you read. Close your book or put away your source material. Write only from the notes you just took. If you are not sure,look at the source again just for a minute. Put the source away again and revise your writing

How to avoid coping from the source Take notes as you read. Close your book or put away your source material. 3 Write only from the notes you just took. 2 1 If you are not sure, look at the source again just for a minute. 4 Put the source away again and revise your writing. 5

Essentials in paraphrasing 1.Change the part of speech (word formation) The developed world should contribute greatly so that human beings can survive in the future. The developed world should make great CP contributions for human survival in the future

Essentials in paraphrasing 1. Change the part of speech (word formation) The developed world should contribute greatly so that human beings can survive in the future. The developed world should make great contributions for human survival in the future

图 Essentials in paraphrasing 2.Use different vocabulary with the same meaning (synonym)-same order In the past 30 years,the country has changed greatly In the past 30 years,the country has undergone a fundamental transformation

Essentials in paraphrasing 2. Use different vocabulary with the same meaning (synonym) –same order In the past 30 years, the country has changed greatly. In the past 30 years, the country has undergone a fundamental transformation

熟 Essentials in paraphrasing 3.Use synonym but different part of speech-different order Obviously,different people have different attitudes towards mental illness. Obviously,attitudes towards mental illness vary from person to person

Essentials in paraphrasing 3. Use synonym but different part of speech–different order Obviously, different people have different attitudes towards mental illness. Obviously, attitudes towards mental illness vary from person to person

熟 Essentials in paraphrasing 4.Change from the active to the passive or vise versa We should satisfy different needs and expectations of the customers. Different needs and expectations of the customers should be satisfied

Essentials in paraphrasing 4. Change from the active to the passive or vise versa We should satisfy different needs and expectations of the customers. Different needs and expectations of the customers should be satisfied

C Essentials in paraphrasing 5.Change the positive into negative and vice versa Nowadays,people try to make themselves instantly accessible to everyone at all times. Nowadays,people never allow themselves the inconvenience of being temporarily unavailable

Essentials in paraphrasing 5. Change the positive into negative and vice versa Nowadays, people try to make themselves instantly accessible to everyone at all times. Nowadays, people never allow themselves the inconvenience of being temporarily unavailable