《高等土力学》课程教学资源（书籍文献）Evaluation of Soil and Rock Properties

Technical Report Documentation Page1. Report No.3. Recipient-s Catalog No.2.GovermmentAccessionNoFHWA-IF-02-0344. Title and Subtitle4. Report DateGEOTECHNICALENGINEERINGCIRCULARNO.5April2002EvaluationofSoilandRockProperties6. Performing Organization Code:7. Author(s)8. Performing Organization Report No.P.J. Sabatini, R.C. Bachus, P.W. Mayne, J.A. Schneider, T.E. Zettler9. Performing Organization Name and Address10. Work Unit No.(TRAIS)GeoSyntecConsultants11. Contract or Grant No.1100 Lake Hearn Drive, NEDTFH61-94-C-00099Atlanta,Georgia30342-152312. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address13 Type of Report and Period CoveredU.S.DepartmentofTransportationTechnical ManualOfficeofBridgeTechnologyFederal Highway Administration14. Sponsoring Agency Code400 Seventh Street, SWWashington,DC 2059015.Supplementary NotesFHWACOTR:Chien-Tan ChangFHWATechnical Consultant:JerryA.DiMaggio16.Abstract This document presents state-of-the-practice information on theevaluation ofsoil androck propertiesfor geotechnicaldesign applications.This documentaddressestheentirerangeofmaterialspotentiallyencountered inhighwayengineeringpractice, from soft clayto intactrock and variations of materials thatfall between these two extremes.Information ispresentedonparametersmeasured,evaluationofdataquality,and interpretationofpropertiesforconventional soiland rock laboratory testing, as well as in situ devices such as field vane testing, cone penetration testing, dilatometer,pressuremeter, and borehole jack.This document provides the design engineer with information that can be used to develop arationaleforacceptingorrejectingdata and forresolving inconsistencies betweendataprovidedbydifferentlaboratories andfieldtests.This document also includes information on: (I) the use ofGeographical Information Systems(GIS) and Personal Data Assistancedevicesforthecollectionandinterpretationofsubsurfaceinformation,(2)quantitativemeasuresforevaluatingdisturbanceoflaboratorysoilsamples,and(3)theuseofmeasurementsfromgeophysicaltestingtechniquestoobtaininformationonthemodulusofsoil.Alsoincludedarechaptersonevaluatingpropertiesofspecialsoilmaterials(e.g.,loess,cementedsands,peatsandorganicsoils, etc.)and theuseof statistical information in evaluating anomalous data and obtaining designvalues for soil and rockproperties. An appendix ofthree detailed soil and rock property selection examples is provided which illustrate the application ofthemethods described inthedocument17. Key Words18. Distribution StatementSoil properties, rock properties, laboratory testing,Norestrictions.ThisdocumentisavailabletothepublicfromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,Virginiain-situtesting,subsurfaceinvestigation,dataqualitydata interpretation,shear strength,consolidation22161.hydraulic conductivity,modulus21. No. of Pages22.Price19. Security Classif. (of this report)20. Security Classif. (ofthis page)385UnclassifiedUnclassifiedReproduction of completed page authorizedFormDOTF1700.7(8-72)

Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. FHWA-IF-02-034 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient=s Catalog No. 4. Report Date April 2002 4. Title and Subtitle GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 5 Evaluation of Soil and Rock Properties 6. Performing Organization Code: 7. Author(s) P.J. Sabatini, R.C. Bachus, P.W. Mayne, J.A. Schneider, T.E. Zettler 8. Performing Organization Report No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No.(TRAIS) GeoSyntec Consultants 1100 Lake Hearn Drive, NE Atlanta, Georgia 30342-1523 11. Contract or Grant No. DTFH61-94-C-00099 13 Type of Report and Period Covered Technical Manual 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Bridge Technology Federal Highway Administration 400 Seventh Street, SW Washington, DC 20590 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes FHWA COTR: Chien-Tan Chang FHWA Technical Consultant: Jerry A. DiMaggio 16. Abstract This document presents state-of-the-practice information on the evaluation of soil and rock properties for geotechnical design applications. This document addresses the entire range of materials potentially encountered in highway engineering practice, from soft clay to intact rock and variations of materials that fall between these two extremes. Information is presented on parameters measured, evaluation of data quality, and interpretation of properties for conventional soil and rock laboratory testing, as well as in situ devices such as field vane testing, cone penetration testing, dilatometer, pressuremeter, and borehole jack. This document provides the design engineer with information that can be used to develop a rationale for accepting or rejecting data and for resolving inconsistencies between data provided by different laboratories and field tests. This document also includes information on: (1) the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Personal Data Assistance devices for the collection and interpretation of subsurface information; (2) quantitative measures for evaluating disturbance of laboratory soil samples; and (3) the use of measurements from geophysical testing techniques to obtain information on the modulus of soil. Also included are chapters on evaluating properties of special soil materials (e.g., loess, cemented sands, peats and organic soils, etc.) and the use of statistical information in evaluating anomalous data and obtaining design values for soil and rock properties. An appendix of three detailed soil and rock property selection examples is provided which illustrate the application of the methods described in the document. 17. Key Words Soil properties, rock properties, laboratory testing, in-situ testing, subsurface investigation, data quality, data interpretation, shear strength, consolidation, hydraulic conductivity, modulus 18. Distribution Statement No restrictions. This document is available to the public from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) Unclassified 20. Security Classif. (of this page) Unclassified 21. No. of Pages 385 22. Price Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Jerry A. DiMaggio, P.E. of the U.S.Department of TransportationFederal HighwayAdministration(FHWA)for providing significanttechnical assistance and review during preparation of the document.The authors would also like tothank Messer'sNorman Norrish,P.Eng.and DuncanWyllie, P.Eng.of Wyllie& Norrish RockEngineers for providing technical assistance on rock property evaluation. The authors would alsolike to thank the following individuals who reviewed the document and served on the TechnicalWorking Group for this project:·RichardCheney,P.E.-FHWA (retired);.NariAbar-GeostructuralEngineering,Inc·DavidShiells,P.E.-VirginiaDOT;·LawrencePierson-OregonDOTSamMansukhani-FHWAMidwesternResourceCenter,andMichelleCribbs-FHWATheauthors would also liketoacknowledgeGeotesting Express Inc.forprovidingphotographsFinally, the authors would like to thank Mrs. Ann Taylor and Mr. Michael Harris of GeoSyntecConsultantswhodraftedthefiguresandassistedinthelayoutofthedocument-

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Jerry A. DiMaggio, P.E. of the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for providing significant technical assistance and review during preparation of the document. The authors would also like to thank Messer’s Norman Norrish, P.Eng. and Duncan Wyllie, P.Eng. of Wyllie & Norrish Rock Engineers for providing technical assistance on rock property evaluation. The authors would also like to thank the following individuals who reviewed the document and served on the Technical Working Group for this project: • Richard Cheney, P.E. – FHWA (retired); • Nari Abar – Geostructural Engineering, Inc. • David Shiells, P.E. – Virginia DOT; • Lawrence Pierson – Oregon DOT; • Sam Mansukhani – FHWA Midwestern Resource Center; and • Michelle Cribbs – FHWA The authors would also like to acknowledge Geotesting Express Inc. for providing photographs. Finally, the authors would like to thank Mrs. Ann Taylor and Mr. Michael Harris of GeoSyntec Consultants who drafted the figures and assisted in the layout of the document

PREFACEThis document presents state-of-the-practice information on the evaluation of soil and rockproperties for geotechnical design applications.This document was prepared to providegeotechnical engineers with tools to assist in the rational development of subsurface investigationprograms, as well as in the execution of laboratory and field testing programs involving soil androck, and interpretation of data from these programs. The document will be equally useful forstructural engineers, engineering geologists, or geologists who may be responsible for field andlaboratory testing programs.This document addresses the entire range of materials potentiallyencountered in highway engineering practice, from soft clay to intact rock and variations ofmaterials that fall between these two extremes.In reviewing texts and course materials that are currently available to the practicing engineer, it isrecognized that two important areas have not been sufficiently addressed. These are: (1) the use androle of in-situ testing,and (2)the interpretation of conflicting, contradicting,and inconsistent data.Regarding the first point, it is recognized that over the past 20 years, several in situ testingtechniques have moved from the arena ofuniversityresearch to routine engineering practice.In2002, in situ testing plays a critical role in assessing soil properties and, to a lesser extent, rockproperties.particularly by complementing laboratory-derived data.In this document detailedinformation on parameters measured, evaluation of data quality,and interpretation of properties areprovided for conventional soil and rock laboratory testing,as well as in situ devices such as fieldvane testing, cone penetration testing, dilatometer, pressuremeter, and borehole jack. Regarding thesecond point, data resulting from the range of laboratory and in situ tests are often not completelyconsistent with other data obtained for the project and/or soil deposit. This document provides thedesign engineer with information that can be used to develop a rationale for accepting or rejectingdata and for resolving inconsistencies between data provided by different laboratories and field tests.This document relies on previous good practice in the evaluation of soil and rock properties.Thisgood practice is extended by more recent developments in the areas of engineering propertyevaluation methods by including: (1) use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and PersonalData Assistance (i.e., handheld computer)devices for the collection and interpretation of subsurfaceinformation, (2)quantitative measures for evaluating disturbance of laboratory soil samples; and (3)useofmeasurementsfromseismicandgeophysicaltestingtechniquestoobtaininformationonthemodulus of soils for static deformation analyses. Other features of this document include a chapteron evaluating properties of special soil materials (e.g., loess, cemented sands, peats and organicsoils),a chapteron the use of statistical information in evaluating anomalous data and obtainingdesign values for soil and rock properties, and an appendix of three detailed soil and rock propertyselection examples which illustrate the application of the methods described in the document forpropertyevaluationi

ii PREFACE This document presents state-of-the-practice information on the evaluation of soil and rock properties for geotechnical design applications. This document was prepared to provide geotechnical engineers with tools to assist in the rational development of subsurface investigation programs, as well as in the execution of laboratory and field testing programs involving soil and rock, and interpretation of data from these programs. The document will be equally useful for structural engineers, engineering geologists, or geologists who may be responsible for field and laboratory testing programs. This document addresses the entire range of materials potentially encountered in highway engineering practice, from soft clay to intact rock and variations of materials that fall between these two extremes. In reviewing texts and course materials that are currently available to the practicing engineer, it is recognized that two important areas have not been sufficiently addressed. These are: (1) the use and role of in-situ testing; and (2) the interpretation of conflicting, contradicting, and inconsistent data. Regarding the first point, it is recognized that over the past 20 years, several in situ testing techniques have moved from the arena of university research to routine engineering practice. In 2002, in situ testing plays a critical role in assessing soil properties and, to a lesser extent, rock properties, particularly by complementing laboratory-derived data. In this document detailed information on parameters measured, evaluation of data quality, and interpretation of properties are provided for conventional soil and rock laboratory testing, as well as in situ devices such as field vane testing, cone penetration testing, dilatometer, pressuremeter, and borehole jack. Regarding the second point, data resulting from the range of laboratory and in situ tests are often not completely consistent with other data obtained for the project and/or soil deposit. This document provides the design engineer with information that can be used to develop a rationale for accepting or rejecting data and for resolving inconsistencies between data provided by different laboratories and field tests. This document relies on previous good practice in the evaluation of soil and rock properties. This good practice is extended by more recent developments in the areas of engineering property evaluation methods by including: (1) use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Personal Data Assistance (i.e., handheld computer) devices for the collection and interpretation of subsurface information; (2) quantitative measures for evaluating disturbance of laboratory soil samples; and (3) use of measurements from seismic and geophysical testing techniques to obtain information on the modulus of soils for static deformation analyses. Other features of this document include a chapter on evaluating properties of special soil materials (e.g., loess, cemented sands, peats and organic soils), a chapter on the use of statistical information in evaluating anomalous data and obtaining design values for soil and rock properties, and an appendix of three detailed soil and rock property selection examples which illustrate the application of the methods described in the document for property evaluation

TABLEOFCONTENTSCHAPTER 11.1INTRODUCTION.1.2BACKGROUND1.3DOCUMENTORGANIZATION4CHAPTER 22.1INTRODUCTION2.2PROCESSOFSOILANDROCKPROPERTYSELECTION42.3USEOFCORRELATIONSTOASSISTPROPERTYSELECTION2.4USEOFOBSERVATIONALMETHODCHAPTER 3..103.1INTRODUCTION.103.2PLANNINGTHESUBSURFACEINVESTIGATIONANDLABORATORYTESTINGPROGRAM..103.2.1General.103.2.2IdentifyData Needs..103.2.3.11GatherandAnalyzeExistingInformation3.2.4.17Conduct Site Visit..3.2.5Develop Preliminary Site Model.183.2.6..20Developing a Site Investigation Program3.2.722DevelopingaLaboratoryTestingProgramCHAPTER 4.264.1INTRODUCTION..264.2.27BORINGMETHODS4.3SAMPLINGMETHODS..324.3.1.32Disturbed Sampling of Soil....4.3.2.34Undisturbed Sampling of Soil.ili

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 . 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1 1.2 BACKGROUND . 1 1.3 DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION. 2 CHAPTER 2 . 4 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 4 2.2 PROCESS OF SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTY SELECTION . 4 2.3 USE OF CORRELATIONS TO ASSIST PROPERTY SELECTION . 7 2.4 USE OF OBSERVATIONAL METHOD . 9 CHAPTER 3 . 10 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 10 3.2 PLANNING THE SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION AND LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM. 10 3.2.1 General.10 3.2.2 Identify Data Needs .10 3.2.3 Gather and Analyze Existing Information .11 3.2.4 Conduct Site Visit.17 3.2.5 Develop Preliminary Site Model .18 3.2.6 Developing a Site Investigation Program .20 3.2.7 Developing a Laboratory Testing Program.22 CHAPTER 4 . 26 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 26 4.2 BORING METHODS . 27 4.3 SAMPLING METHODS. 32 4.3.1 Disturbed Sampling of Soil.32 4.3.2 Undisturbed Sampling of Soil.34

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)4.3.2.134General4.3.2.2.39OverviewofThin-WalledTubeSampling4.3.3.42RockCoring4.4STANDARDPENETRATIONTEST (SPT)444.4.1General...444.4.2Procedures.454.4.3Parameters Measured...454.5CONEPENETRATIONTESTS(CPT/CPTU/SCPTU).484.5.1General..484.5.2..50Equipment..4.5.3.52Procedures4.5.4...54Parameters Measured4.6.56FLATDILATOMETERTEST(DMT)4.6.1General.564.6.2..56Equipment..4.6.3Procedures.564.6.4..58Parameters Measured4.7PRESSUREMETER TEST (PMT).584.7.1General.584.7.2..59Equipment..4.7.3.59Procedures4.7.4..60Parameters Measured4.8VANE SHEARTEST (VST).624.8.1General.624.8.2Equipment....624.8.3Procedures..634.8.4..64ParametersMeasured4.9USE OFDRILLRIGSTOPERFORMIN-SITUTESTS..654.10.IN-SITUTESTINGINROCK.65iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) iv 4.3.2.1 General.34 4.3.2.2 Overview of Thin-Walled Tube Sampling .39 4.3.3 Rock Coring.42 4.4 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) . 44 4.4.1 General.44 4.4.2 Procedures.45 4.4.3 Parameters Measured.45 4.5 CONE PENETRATION TESTS (CPT / CPTU / SCPTU). 48 4.5.1 General.48 4.5.2 Equipment.50 4.5.3 Procedures.52 4.5.4 Parameters Measured.54 4.6 FLAT DILATOMETER TEST (DMT) . 56 4.6.1 General.56 4.6.2 Equipment.56 4.6.3 Procedures.56 4.6.4 Parameters Measured.58 4.7 PRESSUREMETER TEST (PMT) . 58 4.7.1 General.58 4.7.2 Equipment.59 4.7.3 Procedures.59 4.7.4 Parameters Measured.60 4.8 VANE SHEAR TEST (VST) . 62 4.8.1 General.62 4.8.2 Equipment.62 4.8.3 Procedures.63 4.8.4 Parameters Measured.64 4.9 USE OF DRILL RIGS TO PERFORM IN-SITU TESTS . 65 4.10. IN-SITU TESTING IN ROCK . 65

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)4.10.1General.654.10.2Borehole Dilatometer...664.10.3BoreholeJack.674.10.4.67In-situ Direct Shear Testing4.11GEOPHYSICALTESTING..684.12LABORATORYSOILTESTING744.12.1..74Introduction4.12.2.74Quality Assurance for Laboratory Testing4.12.2.1..74SampleTracking4.12.2.2..78Sample Storage.4.12.2.3.78Sample Handling....784.12.2.4Specimen Selection..4.12.3..79Effects of Sample Disturbance.4.12.4.82LaboratoryIndexTestsforSoils.4.12.4.1..82General4.12.4.2.82Moisture Content....834.12.4.3Unit Weight...834.12.4.4Atterberg Limits4.12.4.5Particle Size Distribution...864.12.4.6..87LaboratoryClassification.4.12.4.7.87SpecificGravity4.12.4.8..87Organic Content.4.12.4.9..88ElectroChemicalClassificationTests4.12.5..88LaboratoryPerformanceTestsforSoils4.12.5.1..8General.4.12.5.2Consolidation...89..924.12.5.3Soil Strength..994.12.5.4Permeability4.13102LABORATORYROCKTESTSV

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) v 4.10.1 General.65 4.10.2 Borehole Dilatometer.66 4.10.3 Borehole Jack.67 4.10.4 In-situ Direct Shear Testing .67 4.11 GEOPHYSICAL TESTING . 68 4.12 LABORATORY SOIL TESTING. 74 4.12.1 Introduction.74 4.12.2 Quality Assurance for Laboratory Testing .74 4.12.2.1 Sample Tracking .74 4.12.2.2 Sample Storage .78 4.12.2.3 Sample Handling.78 4.12.2.4 Specimen Selection.78 4.12.3 Effects of Sample Disturbance.79 4.12.4 Laboratory Index Tests for Soils.82 4.12.4.1 General.82 4.12.4.2 Moisture Content .82 4.12.4.3 Unit Weight.83 4.12.4.4 Atterberg Limits.83 4.12.4.5 Particle Size Distribution .86 4.12.4.6 Laboratory Classification.87 4.12.4.7 Specific Gravity .87 4.12.4.8 Organic Content.87 4.12.4.9 Electro Chemical Classification Tests .88 4.12.5 Laboratory Performance Tests for Soils .88 4.12.5.1 General.88 4.12.5.2 Consolidation .89 4.12.5.3 Soil Strength.92 4.12.5.4 Permeability .99 4.13 LABORATORY ROCK TESTS. 102

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)4.13.1102Introduction4.13.2.104Laboratory Testing of Rock.1044.13.2.1Point-Load Strength Test.4.13.2.2.105UnconfinedCompressiveStrengthof IntactRockCore4.13.2.3..106Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core..4.13.2.4Laboratory Direct Shear Test106108CHAPTER 55.1INTRODUCTION1085.2INTERPRETATIONOFSUBSURFACESTRATIGRAPHY1085.2.1General..1085.2.2..108Soil Classification by Soil Samplingand Drilling5.2.3.112Soil Classification by Cone Penetration Testing5.2.4.117Soil Classification using the Flat-Plate Dilatometer..5.2.5118Generating a Subsurface Profile5.3IN-SITUSTRESSSTATE....1235.3.1.123General5.3.2Overburden Stresses.1235.3.3.124Horizontal Stresses.5.4125CONSOLIDATIONPROPERTIESOFSOIL5.4.1..125General5.4.2.125Laboratory Consolidation Tests.5.4.2.1.125General5.4.2.2...126Soil Parameters from Laboratory Consolidation Tests.5.4.2.3.126SelectionofSamplesforLaboratoryConsolidationTesting...1285.4.2.4Evaluation of o,'from Laboratory Consolidation Tests5.4.2.5Evaluationof CandC..1305.4.2.6Laboratory Evaluation of cy1315.4.2.7..134Evaluationof Cae5.4.3Evaluationofo,from In-situTest Methods136vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) vi 4.13.1 Introduction.102 4.13.2 Laboratory Testing of Rock .104 4.13.2.1 Point-Load Strength Test .104 4.13.2.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Core.105 4.13.2.3 Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core .106 4.13.2.4 Laboratory Direct Shear Test.106 CHAPTER 5 . 108 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 108 5.2 INTERPRETATION OF SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY. 108 5.2.1 General.108 5.2.2 Soil Classification by Soil Sampling and Drilling.108 5.2.3 Soil Classification by Cone Penetration Testing .112 5.2.4 Soil Classification using the Flat-Plate Dilatometer.117 5.2.5 Generating a Subsurface Profile .118 5.3 IN-SITU STRESS STATE. 123 5.3.1 General.123 5.3.2 Overburden Stresses.123 5.3.3 Horizontal Stresses.124 5.4 CONSOLIDATION PROPERTIES OF SOIL. 125 5.4.1 General.125 5.4.2 Laboratory Consolidation Tests.125 5.4.2.1 General.125 5.4.2.2 Soil Parameters from Laboratory Consolidation Tests.126 5.4.2.3 Selection of Samples for Laboratory Consolidation Testing.126 5.4.2.4 Evaluation of σp′ from Laboratory Consolidation Tests.128 5.4.2.5 Evaluation of Cc and Cr.130 5.4.2.6 Laboratory Evaluation of cv .131 5.4.2.7 Evaluation of Cαε .134 5.4.3 Evaluation of σp′ from In-situ Test Methods.136

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)5.4.4140Evaluation of chfrom CPTuDissipation Data5.4.5.142Selection of Design Values for Consolidation Analyses5.5GENERALSTRESS-STRAINANDSTIFFNESSPROPERTIES1465.5.1.146Background5.5.2Settlement Analysis for Soils...1475.5.3Method to Evaluate Equivalent Elastic Modulus..1485.5.4..151Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity.5.5.4.1.151General5.5.4.2.151Field Measurements of Shear Wave Velocity5.5.5.154Correlations for Small-Strain Shear Modulus..5.5.6155Evaluation of Modulus Degradation Value5.5.7..156Summary5.6.156SHEARSTRENGTHPROPERTIESOFSOIL5.6.1Introduction.1565.6.2.159Fundamental Concepts of Soil Shear Strength5.6.2.1.159Drained versus Undrained Loading5.6.2.2..160Drained Stress-Strain-Strength Behavior..5.6.2.3..162Undrained Stress-Strain-Strength Behavior5.6.2.4EffectiveStressParameters..1635.6.2.5...167Total Stress Parameters..5.6.3.167Relevance of Design Applications to Soil Shear Strength Evaluation5.6.4...168Laboratory Testing Methods for Evaluating Soil Shear Strength.5.6.4.1..168Selection of Laboratory Testing Method5.6.4.2.169Triaxial Testing5.6.4.3...175Direct Shear Testing ...5.6.4.4..178Unconfined Compression Testing..5.6.4.5..179Relevance of Laboratory Strength Tests toField Conditions.5.6.5..180Undrained Shear Strength from In-situ Tests.5.6.6184DrainedFrictionAngleofGranularSoilsfromIn-situTests.vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) vii 5.4.4 Evaluation of ch from CPTu Dissipation Data.140 5.4.5 Selection of Design Values for Consolidation Analyses .142 5.5 GENERAL STRESS-STRAIN AND STIFFNESS PROPERTIES . 146 5.5.1 Background.146 5.5.2 Settlement Analysis for Soils.147 5.5.3 Method to Evaluate Equivalent Elastic Modulus.148 5.5.4 Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity.151 5.5.4.1 General.151 5.5.4.2 Field Measurements of Shear Wave Velocity .151 5.5.5 Correlations for Small-Strain Shear Modulus.154 5.5.6 Evaluation of Modulus Degradation Value .155 5.5.7 Summary.156 5.6 SHEAR STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SOIL . 156 5.6.1 Introduction.156 5.6.2 Fundamental Concepts of Soil Shear Strength .159 5.6.2.1 Drained versus Undrained Loading .159 5.6.2.2 Drained Stress-Strain-Strength Behavior.160 5.6.2.3 Undrained Stress-Strain-Strength Behavior.162 5.6.2.4 Effective Stress Parameters.163 5.6.2.5 Total Stress Parameters.167 5.6.3 Relevance of Design Applications to Soil Shear Strength Evaluation .167 5.6.4 Laboratory Testing Methods for Evaluating Soil Shear Strength.168 5.6.4.1 Selection of Laboratory Testing Method .168 5.6.4.2 Triaxial Testing.169 5.6.4.3 Direct Shear Testing .175 5.6.4.4 Unconfined Compression Testing.178 5.6.4.5 Relevance of Laboratory Strength Tests to Field Conditions.179 5.6.5 Undrained Shear Strength from In-situ Tests .180 5.6.6 Drained Friction Angle of Granular Soils from In-situ Tests.184

TABLEOFCONTENTS(continued)5.6.7Selection of Total Stress Parameters (su)for Undrained Strength Design Analyses....1875.6.8..189SelectionofEffectiveStressParameters(Φ',c')forDesignAnalyses..1895.7HYDRAULICCONDUCTIVITYPROPERTIESOFSOIL5.7.1.189Introductio5.7.2..190Laboratory Output/Data Reduction.5.7.3191Correlation Methods5.7.4.193InterpretationMethods195CHAPTER 66.1INTRODUCTION1956.2ROCK MASSCLASSIFICATION.1966.2.1.196Description of Rock Masses6.2.2.200CoreRecoveryandRockQualityDesignation6.2.3...202CSIR Classification..6.3ROCKUNIAXIALCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH.2046.4.204ROCKDEFORMATIONMODULUSVALUES6.4.1..204Intact Rock Modulus6.4.2.206Rock Mass Modulus6.4.2.1..206MethodBasedOnRockMassRating.6.4.2.2MethodBased onRQD.2076.4.2.3..208Use of In situ Tests to Evaluate Rock Mass Modulus6.4.3.211Selectionof RockDeformation ModulusforDesign6.5.211ROCK SHEAR STRENGTH6.5.1..211Mohr-Coulomb Materials6.5.2.213Shear Strength Of Discontinuities.2136.5.2.1General...2136.5.2.2Friction Angleof Rock Surfaces..6.5.2.3.214Surface Roughness6.5.2.4.216Measurement of Surface Roughness6.5.2.5.217Discontinuity Infilling.vili

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) viii 5.6.7 Selection of Total Stress Parameters (su) for Undrained Strength Design Analyses.187 5.6.8 Selection of Effective Stress Parameters (φ′, c′) for Design Analyses .189 5.7 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY PROPERTIES OF SOIL. 189 5.7.1 Introduction.189 5.7.2 Laboratory Output/Data Reduction.190 5.7.3 Correlation Methods .191 5.7.4 Interpretation Methods.193 CHAPTER 6 . 195 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 195 6.2 ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION . 196 6.2.1 Description of Rock Masses .196 6.2.2 Core Recovery and Rock Quality Designation.200 6.2.3 CSIR Classification.202 6.3 ROCK UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH . 204 6.4 ROCK DEFORMATION MODULUS VALUES . 204 6.4.1 Intact Rock Modulus.204 6.4.2 Rock Mass Modulus .206 6.4.2.1 Method Based On Rock Mass Rating.206 6.4.2.2 Method Based on RQD.207 6.4.2.3 Use of In situ Tests to Evaluate Rock Mass Modulus .208 6.4.3 Selection of Rock Deformation Modulus for Design .211 6.5 ROCK SHEAR STRENGTH. 211 6.5.1 Mohr-Coulomb Materials .211 6.5.2 Shear Strength Of Discontinuities .213 6.5.2.1 General.213 6.5.2.2 Friction Angle of Rock Surfaces.213 6.5.2.3 Surface Roughness.214 6.5.2.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness.216 6.5.2.5 Discontinuity Infilling.217

TABLEOF CONTENTS (continued)6.5.2.6..218Effect of Water on Shear Strength.2226.5.2.7LaboratoryDirect ShearTesting.6.5.3.223Shear StrengthOfFracturedRockMasses..2236.5.3.1General.2236.5.3.2Strength Determination by Back Analysis of Failures.6.5.3.3.224Hoek-Brown StrengthCriteriaforFractured Rock Masses.6.5.4Selection of Rock Shear Strength forDesign..227229CHAPTER 77.1229INTRODUCTION7.2LOESS....2307.2.1.230Identificationof Loess7.2.2.231Issues Related to SubsurfaceExploration in Loess7.2.3..232Laboratory Strength Testing of Loess..7.2.4.232Evaluationof CollapsePotential7.3.233EXPANSIVE SOILS.7.3.1.233Identificationof ExpansiveSoils7.3.2.235Evaluation of Expansion (Swell) Potential7.3.3...236Shear Strength Evaluation of Expansive Soils.7.4.236ORGANICSOILSANDPEAT7.4.1..236Introduction.7.4.2.237Identification of Organic Soils and Peat7.4.3Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Sampling of Organic Soils and Peat...2387.4.4..238Shear Strength of Organic Soils andPeats..7.4.5.239Compressibilityof Organic SoilsandPeats.7.5..240COLLUVIUMANDTALUS7.5.1..240Identification of Colluvium and Talus7.5.2..241Issues Related to SubsurfaceExplorationand Testing inColluvium7.5.3...241Issues Related to SubsurfaceExploration and Testing inTalus.7.5.4.242Compressibility of Colluvium and Talus.ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) ix 6.5.2.6. Effect of Water on Shear Strength.218 6.5.2.7 Laboratory Direct Shear Testing.222 6.5.3 Shear Strength Of Fractured Rock Masses .223 6.5.3.1 General.223 6.5.3.2 Strength Determination by Back Analysis of Failures .223 6.5.3.3 Hoek-Brown Strength Criteria for Fractured Rock Masses.224 6.5.4 Selection of Rock Shear Strength for Design .227 CHAPTER 7 . 229 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 229 7.2 LOESS. 230 7.2.1 Identification of Loess .230 7.2.2 Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration in Loess .231 7.2.3 Laboratory Strength Testing of Loess.232 7.2.4 Evaluation of Collapse Potential.232 7.3 EXPANSIVE SOILS. 233 7.3.1 Identification of Expansive Soils.233 7.3.2 Evaluation of Expansion (Swell) Potential .235 7.3.3 Shear Strength Evaluation of Expansive Soils.236 7.4 ORGANIC SOILS AND PEAT . 236 7.4.1 Introduction.236 7.4.2 Identification of Organic Soils and Peat .237 7.4.3 Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Sampling of Organic Soils and Peat.238 7.4.4 Shear Strength of Organic Soils and Peats .238 7.4.5 Compressibility of Organic Soils and Peats.239 7.5 COLLUVIUM AND TALUS . 240 7.5.1 Identification of Colluvium and Talus.240 7.5.2 Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Testing in Colluvium.241 7.5.3 Issues Related to Subsurface Exploration and Testing in Talus.241 7.5.4 Compressibility of Colluvium and Talus.242