电子科技大学：《语言学通论 General Linguistics》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）形态学 Morphology

General Linguistics Morphology 楚军外国语学院

Morphology 楚军 外国语学院 General Linguistics

Defining several terms Morphology,Morpheme,Morph Allomorph: Morphology. the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morpheme(语素/词素/形位)： morph-:form,-eme:the smallest unit or class of. --the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms

Defining several terms Morphology, Morpheme, Morph & Allomorph: Morphology: the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morpheme (语素 / 词素 / 形位): morph-: form, -eme: the smallest unit or class of. --the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms

Defining several terms A morpheme may be realized as: a single sound:/pigz/;a syllable:/maenli/ Morph(语子)： Morphemes are abstract units,which are realized in speech by discrete units known as Morphs.Morphs are actual spoken forms,minimal carriers of meaning The phonetic(spoken)or orthographic (written)strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed Morphs. The morph is to a morpheme what a phone is to a phoneme

Defining several terms A morpheme may be realized as: a single sound: /pigz/; a syllable: /mænli/. Morph (语子): Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as Morphs. Morphs are actual spoken forms, minimal carriers of meaning. The phonetic (spoken) or orthographic (written) strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed Morphs. The morph is to a morpheme what a phone is to a phoneme

Defining several terms Allomorph: --referring to a member of a set of morphs,which represent the same morpheme. Just as we class phones together as allophones of a single phoneme,we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. To be exact,allomorphs refer to any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds

Defining several terms Allomorph: --referring to a member of a set of morphs, which represent the same morpheme. Just as we class phones together as allophones of a single phoneme, we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. To be exact, allomorphs refer to any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds

Defining several terms e.g.the plural marker:books,pigs,horses; the verb ending -ed:marked,radioed, seated; the negative prefixes:in-,un-,im-,ir-,il-, dis-,non-,a-

Defining several terms e.g. the plural marker: books, pigs, horses; the verb ending –ed: marked, radioed, seated; the negative prefixes: in-, un-, im-, ir-, il-, dis-, non-, a-

Classification of Morphemes free morphemes and bound morphemes free morpheme:It may constitute a word by itself. E.g.care,man bound morpheme:It must appear with at least one other morpheme,bound or free,in a word. Affixes are bound morphemes. e.g.careful,manly,credible

Classification of Morphemes free morphemes and bound morphemes free morpheme: It may constitute a word by itself. E.g. care, man bound morpheme: It must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free, in a word. Affixes are bound morphemes. e.g. careful, manly, credible

Classification of Morphemes roots and affixes Roots:that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word. Roots may be classified into: Free roots and Bound roots Free roots:which can stand as words (care,man)

Classification of Morphemes roots and affixes Roots: that part of a word structure which is left when all the affixes have been removed. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of a word. Roots may be classified into: Free roots and Bound roots Free roots: which can stand as words (care, man)

Classification of Morphemes Bound roots:which cannot be used as words, they are mainly derived from foreign sources, esp.from Greek Latin. viv-:to live;vit:life:revive,survive,vivid, vivacious,vital,vitamin. -duce:to lead/take:produce,induce,deduce, abduct,viaduct. -scrib (-script):to write:describe (description), prescribe,inscribe,scribble,manuscript, postscript

Classification of Morphemes Bound roots: which cannot be used as words, they are mainly derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek & Latin. viv-: to live; vit: life: revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vital, vitamin. –duce: to lead/take: produce, induce, deduce， abduct, viaduct. –scrib (-script): to write: describe (description), prescribe, inscribe, scribble, manuscript, postscript

Classification of Morphemes Affixes can be divided into: inflectional affixes (morphemes) which do not form a new word with new lexical meaning and do not change the part of speech of the word to which they are affixed. the plural marker,the genitive case,the verbal endings(-s,-ed,-ing),the comparative degrees of adj.and adv. derivational affixes (morphemes): which have a specific lexical meaning

Classification of Morphemes Affixes can be divided into: • inflectional affixes (morphemes): which do not form a new word with new lexical meaning and do not change the part of speech of the word to which they are affixed. the plural marker, the genitive case, the verbal endings( -s, -ed, -ing), the comparative degrees of adj. and adv. • derivational affixes (morphemes): which have a specific lexical meaning

Classification of Morphemes Lexical and grammatical morphemes: derivational morphemes are also known as lexical morphemes; grammatical morphemes refer to the inflectional morphemes and the functional words (in,have, and,they,etc.). Affixes can also be classified into: a.prefixes;suffixes;infixes;circumfixes b.native affixes;foreign affixes c.living affixes;dead affixes Hybrid:referring to words formed from elements of two or more different languages

Classification of Morphemes Lexical and grammatical morphemes: derivational morphemes are also known as lexical morphemes; grammatical morphemes refer to the inflectional morphemes and the functional words (in, have, and, they,etc.). Affixes can also be classified into: a. prefixes; suffixes; infixes; circumfixes b. native affixes; foreign affixes c. living affixes; dead affixes Hybrid: referring to words formed from elements of two or more different languages