《轮机仿真及控制技术》课程授课教案（讲义）Modelling Emission Factors and Emission Indices

NewcastleSchoolofMarineUniversityScience&TechnologyModelling Ship Emission FactorsandEmissionIndicesDr.KayvanPazoukiDr.Alan J.MurphyRwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Modelling Ship Emission Factors and Emission Indices Dr. Kayvan Pazouki Dr. Alan J. Murphy

NewcastleSchoolofMarineUniversityScience&TechnologyContent.Reviewofcurrentindices Determination ofemission factorswww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Content • Review of current indices • Determination of emission factors

NewcastleSchool ofMarineUniversity中Science&TechnologyEnvironmentalIndexSchemesforshipsThe Maritime industry recognises the need for improved air quality inports and coastlinesUse of indices toassess the environmental impact of ships and apportioncoststoharmfulemissionsthrough incentive schemes.49different initiativesidentified byCBSS(2012)usedtoassess thefollowing environmentalparameters:All Indices[e.g.]KeyAirEmissionIndiceswastewater[target pollutants]International LegislationPM[IMO]ChemicalsfromSOxNOxCO2HCcoatingsrwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Environmental Index Schemes for ships • The Maritime industry recognises the need for improved air quality in ports and coastlines • Use of indices to assess the environmental impact of ships and apportion costs to harmful emissions through incentive schemes. • 49 different initiatives identified by CBSS (2012) used to assess the following environmental parameters:

NewcastleSchoolofMarineUniversityScience&TechnologyCSIandESITwo widelyused indices aretheEnvironmentalShip Index(ESl)andCleanShippingIndex(CSi)Howeachindexassessthe environmental impactofa shiporfleet?What arethe incentive regimes/driving mechanisms?Howincentives/penaltiescanbequantifiedeconomicaly?Do scores fromthese indices represents thetrue environmentalfriendlinessstatusofashiporfleet?Can used emissionfactors in these indices predict the actualproductionofemissionsaccurately?rwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

CSI and ESI • Two widely used indices are the Environmental Ship Index (ESI) and Clean Shipping Index(CSI). • How each index assess the environmental impact of a ship or fleet? • What are the incentive regimes/driving mechanisms? • How incentives/penalties can be quantified economically? • Do scores from these indices represents the true environmental friendliness status of a ship or fleet? • Can used emission factors in these indices predict the actual production of emissions accurately?

NewcastleSchool ofMarineUniversityXScience&TechnologyBreakdownof ESlscoringsystems[NEngines(NOxLimit100-NOxRatingESI NOx= Installed Power(RatedPower)NOxLimit70ESIS0x=30x+35y+35z603.5-%SHFO50X3.5-1.0As1.0 - %SLowSulphurHFOorMDOy=1.0-0.5300.5 -%SLowSulphurMDOorLNG200.5-0.010For CO,a rawvalueof 10forvoluntaryreportingtheEEOl,otherwiseitiszeroNOXSOXCO2&OPSScorefunction2www.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Breakdown of ESI scoring systems 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 NOX SOX CO2 & OPS ESI Score Score function 𝐸𝑆𝐼 𝑁𝑂𝑋 = 100 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑂𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝑁𝑂𝑋𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑂𝑋𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖 . 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖 𝑁𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐸𝑆𝐼 𝑆𝑂𝑋 = 30𝑥 + 35𝑦 + 35𝑧 𝑥 = 3.5 − %𝑆 3.5 − 1.0 𝑦 = 1.0 − %𝑆 1.0 − 0.5 𝑧 = 0.5 − %𝑆 0.5 − 0.0 For CO2 a raw value of 10 for voluntary reporting the EEOI, otherwise it is zero HFO Low Sulphur HFO or MDO Low Sulphur MDO or LNG

NewcastleSchool of MarineUniversityScience&TechnologyBreakdown of CSl scoringsystems100%KEYChemicalsmax.score90%max.score AntifoulingSO,andPMoperation in non ECA'sand ECA's10Stern tubeoil80%External hydraulicfluids(total yearly average)10Gear oil forthrusters and CPOperation in ECA's (yearly70%average)propellersHarbourbonus3Boiler/cooling watertreatment260%7Cleaning agentsmSO,/PMaux.enginesmRefrigerants50%NOx40%21WaterandWastecontrolNOmainenginesBallast watertreatment10NOxaux.engines30%Sewage/blackwaterGarbage handlingCO220%ReportingofcO,emission3Sludgehandling10%informationBilge watertreatment27crewawarenessCO,emissionperformance0%NOXCO2ChemicalsSOXandPMWaterandWastecontrolwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Breakdown of CSI scoring systems 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% SOX and PM NOX CO2 Chemicals Water and Waste control KEY Chemicals max. score SOX and PM max. score Antifouling 7 10 Stern tube oil 7 External hydraulic fluids 3 10 5 Harbour bonus 3 Boiler/cooling water treatment 2 SOX/PM aux. engines 7 Cleaning agents 3 Refrigerants 3 NOX NOX main engines 21 Water and Waste control NOX aux. engines 9 Ballast water treatment 10 Sewage/black water 3 CO2 Garbage handling 3 3 Sludge handling 4 Bilge water treatment 7 CO2 emission performance 27 crew awareness 3 Operation in ECA's (yearly average) Reporting of CO2 emission information Gear oil for thrusters and CP propellers operation in non ECA's and ECA's (total yearly average)

NewcastleSchool of Marine工UniversityScience&TechnologyComparing IndicatorsNOxCSIScore%ofESI Score % NOxCSI Score % NOxESI Score % of TotalCSI Score % of TotalESI Score % of TotalEmissionsNOxLevelAchievedESICSIESIcomponentcomponentComponentsofCSlTier1*8.9%0.0%26.7%0.0%5.3%0.0%Tier2**19.2%40.0%12.4%8.0%12.4%13.3%30%belowTier130.0%53.3%19.4%10.7%19.4%17.8%40.0%70.0%25.8%14.0%25.8%23.3%40%belowTier1Tier380.0%100.0%51.6%20.0%51.6%33.3%ZeroNOx100.0%100.0%64.5%20.0%64.5%33.3%SOx100.00%35.00%35.00%30.00%30.00%80.00%25.00%25.00%60.00%20.00%20.00%15.00%15.00%40.00%10.00%10.00%20.00%5.00%5.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.001.002.003.004.000.001.004.001.002.002.003.000.003.004.00-%SulphurContentwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Comparing Indicators NOX SOX NOx Level Achieved ESI Score % NOx component CSI Score % NOx component ESI Score % of Total ESI CSI Score % of Total CSI ESI Score % of Total ESI CSI Score % of Emissions Components of CSI Tier 1 * 0.0% 26.7% 0.0% 5.3% 0.0% 8.9% Tier 2 ** 19.2% 40.0% 12.4% 8.0% 12.4% 13.3% 30% below Tier 1 30.0% 53.3% 19.4% 10.7% 19.4% 17.8% 40% below Tier 1 40.0% 70.0% 25.8% 14.0% 25.8% 23.3% Tier 3 80.0% 100.0% 51.6% 20.0% 51.6% 33.3% Zero NOx 100.0% 100.0% 64.5% 20.0% 64.5% 33.3% % Sulphur Content % Score Values

NewcastleSchool ofMarineUniversityScience&TechnologyEconomicimpactcslhas no directfinancial incentives attached;ratherit is promoted as a bargainingtoolinprocurementsituationsEslimpactsuponportchargesasmanyportsofferincentivesforESlparticipationalthoughthisis leftentirelytothe discretionof theport,thereforeis highly variableAveragediscountpershiptypeateachportbasedonthetop5oESIscoringships7000.006000.005000.0004000.00sunCargo30000Containership2000.00LNGWetbulk1000.00Other0.00PortCwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Economic impact • CSI has no direct financial incentives attached; rather it is promoted as a bargaining tool in procurement situations. • ESI impacts upon port charges as many ports offer incentives for ESI participation, although this is left entirely to the discretion of the port, therefore is highly variable. Average discount per ship type at each port based on the top 50 ESI scoring ships

NewcastleSchoolofMarineUniversityScience&TechnologySummary of comparisonsFactorMonetaryvalueas reduction in portNo direct monetaryvalueApplicationattributed,used asadues,butcomplex,port-specific&badge'forvarieswithshiptype'greenenvironmentallyconscious customersSwedenInternational,butvoluntary (WPCl)SpreadEqual weighting applied ESl is more susceptible to ‘rule-breaking and “box-Dominated byNOxemissions.OverallActual operation of ship of lessto3main categories,ticking.CSI is more complexto administer but moreemissionscores arebroadly scaled reliableasa measureofenvironmental impact.importance.VerysimilarscoresforbalanceOthershiptypes.with impact throughout.64.5%of total, maximumavailable33.3%oftotal,maximumA morepollutingship can gaina higher equivalentNOxscore (zero NOx)availablescore(zero NOxnormalisedESlscore;converselyESlprovidesgreateror tier II)incentiveto reduce NOxtowards zero,e.g.aTier IlIenginewill scoremaximumpointsunder CSl, butonlyequivalentto51.6%ESI(of64.5%).Based on fuel Sulphur content ofBased on mass-averagedBoth show similarcontribution of sOcomponenttoSOx/PMbunkertypes,butnotrelativemass,fuel Sulphur content plusair emissions total if 1 fuel type only is bunkered.bonus foruseof verylowWhilst ESI score can bemassagedto appearartificiallyso a high score can be artificiallyhigh,if presence of ECA near port is assumed, thengainedS fuel in port.reduced SOx near port is enforced, so from port'sperspective, goal is achieved?Scoreofupto14.5available(3.233.3%ofairemissionsMorecomprehensivelyconsideredbyCSl,notablethatCO,/OPSfor EEOlreporting,11.3for OPSscore,scaled w.r.t.EEOlhighestscoring existingshipsreporting ESIscorezerocapability)outof 111.3(butcappedperformancehere.ESI only requires existence of EEOl reporting/OPSat 100). No scale applied, scores areeither awarded or zero.capability,not its use/value.2www.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Summary of comparisons Factor ESI CSI Notes Application Monetary value as reduction in port dues, but complex, port-specific & varies with ship type No direct monetary value attributed, used as a ‘green badge’ for environmentally conscious customers Spread International, but voluntary (WPCI) Sweden Overall emission balance Dominated by NOX emissions. Actual operation of ship of less importance. Very similar scores for other ship types. Equal weighting applied to 3 main categories, scores are broadly scaled with impact throughout. ESI is more susceptible to ‘rule-breaking’ and ‘box￾ticking’. CSI is more complex to administer but more reliable as a measure of environmental impact. NOX 64.5% of total, maximum available score (zero NOX ) 33.3% of total, maximum available score (zero NOX or tier III) A more polluting ship can gain a higher equivalent normalised ESI score; conversely, ESI provides greater incentive to reduce NOX towards zero, e.g. a Tier III engine will score maximum points under CSI, but only equivalent to 51.6% ESI (of 64.5%). SOX /PM Based on fuel Sulphur content of bunker types, but not relative mass, so a high score can be artificially gained Based on mass-averaged fuel Sulphur content plus bonus for use of very low S fuel in port. Both show similar contribution of SOX component to air emissions total if 1 fuel type only is bunkered. Whilst ESI score can be massaged to appear artificially high, if presence of ECA near port is assumed, then reduced SOX near port is enforced, so from port’s perspective, goal is achieved? CO2 /OPS Score of up to 14.5 available (3.2 for EEOI reporting, 11.3 for OPS capability) out of 111.3 (but capped at 100). No scale applied, scores are either awarded or zero. 33.3% of air emissions score, scaled w.r.t. EEOI performance More comprehensively considered by CSI, notable that highest scoring existing ships reporting ESI score zero here. ESI only requires existence of EEOI reporting/OPS capability, not its use/value

NewcastleSchool of MarineUniversityScience&Technology8ExhaustGasEmissionFactorsNotably input to the scoring gives little consideration for the actual amountofanyproducedemissions.ThereissomevalidityusingEEOl,whichisthecaseforCSl,butnotESl.Using sulphur content offuel may be a good proxy SO2production andneither index correlates this against transport effort.Neither index pays attention to the actual production of NOx and only rely ontest-bedrating oftheengine.Emissionfactorsforship's engines,inparticularNOemissionfactors,needtobeconsideredRwww.ncl.ac.uk/marine

Exhaust Gas Emission Factors • Notably input to the scoring gives little consideration for the actual amount of any produced emissions. • There is some validity using EEOI, which is the case for CSI, but not ESI. • Using sulphur content of fuel may be a good proxy SO2 production and neither index correlates this against transport effort. • Neither index pays attention to the actual production of NOx and only rely on test-bed rating of the engine. • Emission factors for ship’s engines, in particular NOx emission factors, need to be considered