《植物育种学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿，英文版）CHAPTER 10 PLOIDY BREEDING

点 CHAPTER 10 LOIDYEREEDING Dept, of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering

CHAPTER 10 PLOIDY BREEDING 倍性育种 BY Niu Yingze （牛应泽） Dept. of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering

8 1 Polyploidy in Plants 植物的多倍性 1.The Concept and Types of plant polyploid 169 (1)Plant Ploidy Ploidy Chrom's Genome Haploid n 1x.2x.3x monoploid In X Diploid 2n 2X.4x.6X. Polyploid 3x >3x

1.The Concept and Types of Plant Polyploidy p. 169 (1)Plant Ploidy: §1 Polyploidy in Plants 植物的多倍性 Ploidy Chrom’s Genome Haploid 1n 1x, 2x, 3x … monoploid 1n 1x Diploid 2n 2x, 4x, 6x … Polyploid > 3x >3x

Types of Polyploids in Plants Euploids Autopolyploids- Triploid 3x, Tetraploid 4x, Pentaploid 5X e.g. Potato(2x, 3x, 4x, 5x X=12); Sweet potato(2n=6x, 90) Allopolyploid- Tetraploid 4x, Hexaploid 6x, Octaploid &x, e.g. Watermelon(3x, seedless Autoallopolyploid- Pentaploid 5x, Hexaploid 6x, eg. Pheu pratense梯牧草(6x=42, AAAABB)

Types of Polyploids in Plants Euploids Autopolyploids – Triploid 3x, Tetraploid 4x, Pentaploid 5x, … e.g. Potato (2x, 3x, 4x, 5x x=12); Sweet potato (2n=6x, 90) Allopolyploid – Tetraploid 4x, Hexaploid 6x, Octaploid 8x, … e.g. Watermelon (3x, seedless) Autoallopolyploid – Pentaploid 5x, Hexaploid 6x, … e.g. Pheum pratense 梯牧草 (6x=42, AAAABB)

Aneuploids Monosomic(2n-1) Nullisomic(2n-2) Trisomic(2n +1) Tetrasomic(2n+2) 2. Origin and Evolution of polyploids Popularity of polyploidy in plant Kindom p 172 50% in angisperm plants被子植物 ab. 70%in grasses (Tab. 10-1, 2 p. 172-173) Natural origination egg(2n)+ Pollen(n)-Triploid-+Tetraploid (unreduced)(reduced) (selfing, backcrossing

Aneuploids Monosomic (2n-1） Nullisomic (2n-2) Trisomic (2n +1) Tetrasomic (2n+2） 2. Origin and Evolution of Polyploids ▪ Popularity of Polyploidy in Plant Kindom p. 172 > 50% in angisperm plants 被子植物 ab. 70% in grasses (Tab. 10-1, 2 p. 172-173) ▪ Natural Origination Egg (2n) + Pollen (n) Triploid Tetraploid (unreduced) (reduced) (selfing, backcrossing)

The evolution of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

▪ The evolution of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Evolution of Brassica Crops( The U's Triangle) B nig n=8 b 展芥 Bcarinata B juncea n=17 n=18 bc b 埃塞俄比亚芥 芥菜型油菜 Boleracea B napus dampest n=9 n=19 n=10 ac 甘蓝 甘蓝型油菜 白菜型油菜 图1-1禹氏三角表明芸薹属基本种和 复合种的亲缘关系

Evolution of Brassica Crops( The U’s Triangle)

3. General characteristics of polyploid plants a) Giantness b)Low fertility c) More resistant to stresses Application of polyploidy in Plant Breeding 3x, 4x grape Big fruits, seedless 4x Tomato High vc content 3x watermelon Big fruit, seedless 3 x azalea杜鹃花 Big flower, long period of flowering

3. General characteristics of polyploid plants a) Giantness b) Low fertility c) More resistant to stresses 4. Application of Polyploidy in Plant Breeding • 3x, 4x grape Big fruits, seedless • 4x Tomato High Vc content • 3x watermelon Big fruit, seedless • 3x azalea 杜鹃花 Big flower, long period of flowering

§2 Polyploid Breeding多倍体育种 1. Selection of materials Agronomically superior Smaller chromosome number Capable of asexual fruit setting reat more varieties

§2 Polyploid Breeding 多倍体育种 1. Selection of Materials ▪ Agronomically superior ▪ Smaller Chromosome number ▪ Capable of asexual fruit setting ▪ Treat more varieties

2. Induction of polyploids (1)Physical Induction(temperature, injury, irradiation) (2) Physical Induction(秋水仙素) (3)Sexual Cross (e.g 2x x 4x= 3x) (4)Endosperm Culture (5)Clonal variation of Somatic Cells

2. Induction of Polyploids (1) Physical Induction (temperature, injury, irradiation) (2) Physical Induction (秋水仙素） (3) Sexual Cross （e.g 2x x 4x = 3x) (4) Endosperm Culture (5) Clonal Variation of Somatic Cells

3. Identification of Polyploidy (1)Direct Identification Cytological observation: root tip/stem tip (2)Indirect Identification Giantness in the polyploid plants leaf flower fruit seed chloroplast storma pollens

3. Identification of Polyploidy (1) Direct Identification Cytological observation: root tip/stem tip (2) Indirect Identification Giantness in the polyploid plants - leaf - flower - fruit, seed - chloroplast - storma - pollens