《植物育种学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿，英文版）CHAPTER 11 MUTATIONBREEDING

MIUTATIONREEDING u-ringze (牛 Depz of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering

CHAPTER 11 MUTATION BREEDING 诱变育种 BY Niu Yingze （牛应泽） Dept. of Plant Breeding and Seed Engineering

Class Test 3 Translate the following terms 1) Homogeneous and homozygous Cultivars同质纯合型品种 2) Homogeneous and heterozygous Cultivars同质杂合型品种 3) Heterogeneous and homozygous Cultivars异质纯合型品种 4) Heterogeneous and heterozygous Cultivars异质杂合型品种 5) Pure line cultivars纯系品种 6) Hybrid cultivars杂交品种(杂交种) 7) Population cultivars群体品种 8) Clonal cultivars无性系品种 9) Conventional Cultivars常规品种 10) Synthetic Cultivars综合品种(综合种) l1) Multi-line cultivars多系品种 (Think them over afterclass)

Class Test 3 Translate the following terms 1) Homogeneous and homozygous Cultivars 同质纯合型品种 2) Homogeneous and heterozygous Cultivars 同质杂合型品种 3) Heterogeneous and homozygous Cultivars 异质纯合型品种 4) Heterogeneous and heterozygous Cultivars 异质杂合型品种 5) Pure line cultivars 纯系品种 6) Hybrid cultivars 杂交品种（杂交种） 7) Population cultivars 群体品种 8) Clonal cultivars 无性系品种 9) Conventional Cultivars 常规品种 10) Synthetic Cultivars 综合品种（综合种） 11) Multi-line cultivars 多系品种 (Think them over after class)

Class Test(2) Explanation of Concepts: 1. Natural selection(适应自然环境条件的个体被保存下来) 2. Artificial selection(适应人类需要的个体被保存下来) 3. Individual selection(以单株为单位进行选择) 4. Bulk selection( Mass selection)(将选择优良单株混合种 植进行鉴定) 5. Group bulk selection(将选择的优良单株按一定的重要性 状进行分类,在类内进行混合选择)

Class Test (2) Explanation of Concepts: 1. Natural selection （适应自然环境条件的个体被保存下来） 2. Artificial selection （适应人类需要的个体被保存下来） 3. Individual selection （以单株为单位进行选择） 4. Bulk selection (Mass selection) （将选择优良单株混合种 植进行鉴定） 5. Group bulk selection （将选择的优良单株按一定的重要性 状进行分类，在类内进行混合选择）

8 1The Concept and Characteristics of Mutation Breeding 诱变育种的概念和特点 1. Concept of Mutation Breeding Mutation Breeding /Induced mutation breeding: p 183 Types of mutation: 1)Natural mutation(spontaneous mutation): By cosmic/UV rays 2) Artificial mutation By artificial mutagens) Chemical Mutation (By chemical mutagens) Physical Mutation(By physical mutagens)

§1 The Concept and Characteristics of Mutation Breeding 诱变育种的概念和特点 1. Concept of Mutation Breeding Mutation Breeding / Induced mutation breeding: p. 183 Types of Mutation: 1) Natural mutation (spontaneous mutation): By cosmic/UV rays 2) Artificial mutation (By artificial mutagens) • Chemical Mutation (By chemical mutagens) • Physical Mutation (By physical mutagens)

The Founder of mutation Breeding 1895 Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen discovered X-rays 1896 Henri Bequerel discovered irradiation of uranium 1897 Pierre and marie Curie isolated radium irradiation 1904 De Vries suggested the use of radiation to induce mutations 1927 H.J. Muller mutated Drosophila(first use in animals) 1928 L.J. Studler mutated barley(first use in plants) 1946 Auerbach and robson discovered mutagenic chemicals like mustard gas

The Founder of Mutation Breeding 1895 Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen discovered X-rays 1896 Henri Bequerel discovered irradiation of uranium 1897 Pierre and Marie Curie isolated radium irradiation 1904 De Vries suggested the use of radiation to induce mutations 1927 H. J. Muller mutated Drosophila (first use in animals) 1928 L. J. Studler mutated barley (first use in plants) 1946 Auerbach and Robson discovered mutagenic chemicals like mustard gas

3)Types of mutagens a)Physical rays β-rays(β- particles) ° Gamma-rays Neutrons · Ultraviolet rays Particles from accelerators b)Chemical Base analogues and related compounds Alkylating agents · Aides Nitrous acid Hydroxylamines · Antibiotics

3) Types of mutagens a) Physical • X-rays • Gamma-rays • Ultraviolet rays •  -rays (-particles) • Neutrons • Particles from accelerators b) Chemical • Base analogues and related compounds • Alkylating agents • Azides • Nitrous acid • Hydroxylamines • Antibiotics

2. The characteristics of Mutation Breeding a) High frequency and wide spectrum of mutation b) Minor modification of varieties Improvement of oligo-traits in plants c) Breaking linkage of genes /inducing segment translocation 3. Achievements of Mutation Breeding a Worldwide(1990): 1030 varieties b In China(1989): 325 (Rice, wheat, cotton,.)

2. The characteristics of Mutation Breeding 3. Achievements of Mutation Breeding a. Worldwide(1990): 1030 varieties b. In China(1989): 325 (Rice, wheat, cotton, …) a) High frequency and wide spectrum of mutation b) Minor modification of varieties Improvement of oligo-traits in plants c) Breaking linkage of genes / inducing segment translocation

§2 Physical Mutation物理诱变 1. Classifications of the Physical mutagens p 186 Light irradiation(X,Y, UV, Laser) Particle irradiation(a, B, neutrons) lonizing irradiation(x, y, a, B, neutrons) Non-ionizing irradiation (UV, Laser 2. Units of Irradiation p 186 Irradiation intensity Irradiation dosage Absorbed dosage

§2 Physical Mutation 物理诱变 1. Classifications of the Physical Mutagens p. 186 Light irradiation (X, γ, UV, Laser) Particle irradiation (α，β，neutrons) Ionizing irradiation (X, γ, α，β，neutrons) Non-ionizing irradiation (UV, Laser) 2. Units of Irradiation p. 186 Irradiation intensity Irradiation dosage Absorbed dosage

3. Mechanism of Mutation by Irradiation Four Stages: 1)Physical reaction stage 2)Physical-Chemical reaction stage 3)Chemical stage 4)Biological stage

3. Mechanism of Mutation by Irradiation Four Stages: 1) Physical reaction stage 2) Physical-Chemical reaction stage 3) Chemical stage 4) Biological stage

4. Sensitivity of Plants to Irradiation (1)Differences in Sensitivity to irradiation in plants Difference in Crops(Species) Difference in varieties difference in Development stages Difference in organs and tissues

4. Sensitivity of Plants to Irradiation (1) Differences in Sensitivity to irradiation in plants • Difference in Crops (Species) • Difference in Varieties • difference in Development stages • Difference in organs and tissues