《大学化学 Chemistry》课程PPT教学课件（英文）Chapter 19 Energy resources

Chapter 19 Energy resources 19. 1 Electricity is a convenient form of energy electron Metal ion -0● turbine steam armature Energy source Multiple wire water ops magn Fig 19. 1 basic anatomy of an electric generator. Electricity is generated in a looped wire as the wire rotates through a magnetic field this motion causes electrons in the wire to slosh back and forth. Because the electrons are moving they possess kinetic energy and so have the capacity to do work

Chapter 19 Energy resources 19.1 Electricity is a convenient form of energy Fig 19.1 basic anatomy of an electric generator. Electricity is generated in a looped wire as the wire rotates through a magnetic field. This motion causes electrons in the wire to slosh back and forth. Because the electrons are moving, they possess kinetic energy and so have the capacity to do work electron turbine Metal ion armature Multiple wire loops magnet water steam Energy source

19.2 Fossil fuels are a widely used but limited energy source 38%from petroleum, 30% from coal, 20% from natural gas Former Soviet Union North america coal 23. 4% coa26.1% D Europe petroleum 6.3% petroleum 6.2%0 natural gas 38.7% natural gas 5.0 Eu coal T2.4% Asia Pacific petroleum 2.0% coa29.7% natural gas 3.5% petroleum 4.3% A' Africa natural gas 7.0% coal 6.2% petroleum 7.2% Middle east South and atural gas 7.7% coal 6.2%/ centralAmerica petroleum 65.4% coal 2. 2% natural gas 33.8% petroleum 8.6%0 natural gas 4 3% Fig 19.2 fossil-fuel deposits are not distributed evenly throughout the world, for instance, as percent of the world's recoverable petroleum deposits are in the middle east, along with 34 percent of recoverable natural-gas deposits. North America is relatively poor in petroleumand natural gas but has a bit more than one-fourth of the world's supply of coal

19.2 Fossil fuels are a widely used but limited energy source 38% from petroleum, 30 % from coal, 20% from natural gas Fig 19.2 fossil-fuel deposits are not distributed evenly throughout the world, for instance, as percent of the world’s recoverable petroleum deposits are in the middle east, along with 34 percent of recoverable natural-gas deposits. North America is relatively poor in petroleum and natural gas but has a bit more than one-fourth of the world’s supply of coal North America coal 26.1% petroleum 6.2% natural gas 5.0% South and central America coal 2.2% petroleum 8.6% natural gas 4.3% Europe coal 12.4% petroleum 2.0% natural gas 3.5% Africa coal 6.2% petroleum 7.2% natural gas 7.7% Former Soviet Union coal 23.4% petroleum 6.3% natural gas 38.7% Asia Pacific coal 29.7% petroleum 4.3% natural gas 7.0% Middle East coal 6.2% petroleum 65.4% natural gas 33.8%

The Goal.'Black Gold Petroleum Suppes our Energy Needs Heavy Texas Crude Coal petroleum Natural gas Fig 19. 3 typical molecular structure of coal, petroleum and natural gas

Fig 19.3 typical molecular structure of coal, petroleum and natural gas Coal petroleum Natural gas

Coal is the filthiest fossil fuel Coal contains sulfur. toxic heavy metals, and Scrubbed gas to atmosphere radioactive isotopes Extracting coal from the Spray tower ground is harmful to human health and to the Caco. environment ∠→ Caso, to The coal can be purified by solid-waste disposal site floatation(浮选 Effluents from -t coal-fired Sulfur dioxide produced power plant containing So2 2 from the burning of coal can be removed by scrubber(i Fig 19.7 a scrubber is used to remove most of the sulfur dioxide 体洗涤器) created when coal is burned

Coal is the filthiest fossil fuel Coal contains sulfur, toxic heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes. Extracting coal from the ground is harmful to human health and to the environment. The coal can be purified by floatation (浮选). Sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of coal can be removed by scrubber (气 体洗涤器). Fig 19.7 a scrubber is used to remove most of the sulfur dioxide created when coal is burned Scrubbed gas to atmosphere Spray tower CaCO3 CaSO4 to solid-waste disposal site Effluents from coal-fired power plant containing SO2

Petroleum is the king of fossil coal Natural gas is the purest fossil fuel Natural gas contains little amount of sulfur It burns at lower temperature, producing less no The efficiency to generate electricity by using gas turbine can be as high as 47% Natural gas can be methane, which is safer, and propane

• Petroleum is the king of fossil coal. • Natural gas is the purest fossil fuel. • Natural gas contains little amount of sulfur. It burns at lower temperature, producing less NO. • The efficiency to generate electricity by using gas turbine can be as high as 47%. • Natural gas can be methane, which is safer, and propane

19.3 There are two forms of nuclear energy ( Nuclear fission,核裂变; Nuclear fusion,核聚变) neutron Nuclear fission / fission roduct neutron neutron Fig 19.11 nuclear fission nucleus involves the splitting apart of large atomic neutron nuclei nuclear fusion involves the coming Nuclear fusion together of small nuclei

19.3 There are two forms of nuclear energy (Nuclear fission, 核裂变；Nuclear fusion, 核聚变) Fig 19.11 nuclear fission involves the splitting apart of large atomic nuclei. Nuclear fusion involves the coming together of small nuclei Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion

Nuclear fission generates some of our electricity 立陶鬼 73.11% 比利时 5774% 保加利亚 472% 斯洛伐克 4702% 璃典 4377% 大韩民国 4284% 匈牙利 3830% 斯洛文尼亚 378% 亚美尼亚 3636% 日本 3465‰ 芬兰 3305% 3121% 西班牙 3099% 联舍王国 22887% 捷克共和国 2077% 美国 1980% 1441 加拿大 1244% 罗马尼亚 1069% 阿根廷 904% 南非 708% 521% 荷兰 402% 度265% 巴西曰125% 中国115% 巴基斯坦012% 00% 1000% 2000% 4000% 500% 0% 700% 8000% Fig 19 12 percentage of electricity generated from nuclear fission reactors in selected countries(April, 2001)

Nuclear fission generates some of our electricity Fig 19.12 percentage of electricity generated from nuclear fission reactors in selected countries (April, 2001)

Nuclear wastes: storage is a problem Accident The number of nuclear power station has been decreasing Fg19.14in1986,a meltdown occurred at this nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine. Because there was no containment building, large amounts of radioactive material were released into the environment, three people died outright and dozens more died from radiation sickness with in a few weeks Thousands who were exposed to high levels of radiation stand an increased risk of cancer. Today, 10,000 square kilometers of land remains contaminated with high levels of radiation

Nuclear wastes: Storage is a problem. Accident The number of nuclear power station has been decreasing. Fig 19.14 in 1986, a meltdown occurred at this nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine. Because there was no containment building, large amounts of radioactive material were released into the environment, three people died outright and dozens more died from radiation sickness within a few weeks . Thousands who were exposed to high levels of radiation stand an increased risk of cancer. Today, 10,000 square kilometers of land remains contaminated with high levels of radiation

Nuclear fusion is a potential source of clean energy Magnetic field and laser are used to the fusion reaction Cost to build the power station is very high A tokamak is nuclei in an effort to u them to trw VACUUM FELD COIL PLASMA Fig 19.16 a fusion reactor called the Large Helical Device is being built and tested by researchers in Japan. These coils create a magnetic field that contain the hot ionized gas within which nuclear fusion takes place

Nuclear fusion is a potential source of clean energy Magnetic field and laser are used to the fusion reaction. Cost to build the power station is very high. Fig 19.16 a fusion reactor called the Large Helical Device is being built and tested by researchers in Japan. These coils create a magnetic field that contain the hot ionized gas within which nuclear fusion takes place

19.5 Water can be used generate electricity Hydroelectric power comes from the kinetic energy of flowing water Temperature differences in the ocean can generate electricity Geothermal energy comes from the earth's interior The energy of ocean tides can be harnessed Fig 19.22 about 50 percent of the electricity generated in iceland is copyright.clich from geothermal sources. This is the blue lagoon, a warm poo created from the effluent of the hydrothermal power plant visible in the background

19.5 Water can be used generate electricity Hydroelectric power comes from the kinetic energy of flowing water Temperature differences in the ocean can generate electricity Geothermal energy comes from the Earth’s interior The energy of ocean tides can be harnessed Fig 19.22 about 50 percent of the electricity generated in iceland is from geothermal sources. This is the blue lagoon, a warm pool created from the effluent of the hydrothermal power plant visible in the background