《医学生理学 Medical Physiology》参考教材资料（PDF电子书籍）SCHAUM'S Outlines of Anatomy and Physiology, 3th edition, 2009（Human Anatomy and Physiology）

SCHAUMS outlines Problem Solved Human Anatomy and Physiology Third edition 470 fully solved pr roblems a Concise explanations of all course concepts a Complete coverage of the human body s tissues, organs, systems nd physical and chemical processes USE WITH THESE COURSES Anatomy Physiology Anatomy and Physiology . Introduction to Anatomy Introduction to Physiology Anatomy and Physiology for the health professions Kent M. Van De Graaff, Ph D..R. Ward Rhees, Ph D. Sidney Palmer, Ph.D

SCHAUMS outlines Human Anatomy and Physiology Third edition Kent M van De graaff ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Weber State University R Ward rhees, ph D. Professor of Zoology, Brigham Young University Sidney L. Palmer, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University-ldaho Schaum's Outline series M New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul

Human Anatomy and Physiology Third Edition Kent M. Van De Graaff, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Weber State University R. Ward Rhees, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Brigham Young University Sidney L. Palmer, Ph.D. Chair, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University–Idaho Schaum’s Outline Series New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

Copyright o 2010, 1997, 1987 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN:978-0-07-162331-5 MHID:007-162331-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162330-8, MHID: 0-07-162330-2 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademark name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programsTocontactarepresentativepleasee-mailusatbulksales@mcgraw-hill.com TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ("McGraw-Hill)and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, dis- tribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hills prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your night to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED"AS IS. MCGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUD. ING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WAR- RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequen- tial or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort

Copyright © 2010, 1997, 1987 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-162331-5 MHID: 0-07-162331-0 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162330-8, MHID: 0-07-162330-2. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, dis￾tribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUD￾ING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WAR￾RANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequen￾tial or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise

Preface to the third edition The third edition of Schaum s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology continues the commitment of previous editions of combining effective and carefully selected illustrations with concise and up-to-date anatomical and physiological descriptions. Careful attention has been paid to recent advances in the fast-paced field of medically and clinically significant physiological processes as well as the use of appro- priate and current anatomical terminology Pedagogical features and conventions introduced in previous editions have been retained and updated. The art program has been evaluated and where necessary, new illustrations have been added or altered to enhance the visual learning. Tables and charts throughout the text have been updated to improve read- ability and clarity. As with previous editions, key clinical terms and a comprehensive index are available In addition to the artists who provided the majority of illustrations and line drawings for past editions, we wish to thank Jacob Hernandez and Sean Higgins for their assistance with preparing the revision man- uscripts, helping with illustration changes, and preparing the index. We are grateful to associate editor Kimberly-Ann Eaton and production editor Richard rothschild and their staffs for their excellent encour- agement, assistance, and guidance SIDNEY L. PALMER

vii Preface to the Third Edition The third edition of Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology continues the commitment of previous editions of combining effective and carefully selected illustrations with concise and up-to-date anatomical and physiological descriptions. Careful attention has been paid to recent advances in the fast-paced field of medically and clinically significant physiological processes as well as the use of appro￾priate and current anatomical terminology. Pedagogical features and conventions introduced in previous editions have been retained and updated. The art program has been evaluated and where necessary, new illustrations have been added or altered to enhance the visual learning. Tables and charts throughout the text have been updated to improve read￾ability and clarity. As with previous editions, key clinical terms and a comprehensive index are available. In addition to the artists who provided the majority of illustrations and line drawings for past editions, we wish to thank Jacob Hernandez and Sean Higgins for their assistance with preparing the revision man￾uscripts, helping with illustration changes, and preparing the index. We are grateful to associate editor Kimberly-Ann Eaton and production editor Richard Rothschild and their staffs for their excellent encour￾agement, assistance, and guidance. SIDNEY L. PALMER Rexburg, Idaho

Preface to the second edition Mastery of the science of human anatomy and physiology is important for students who are planning careers in health-related fields such as medicine, nursing, dentistry, medical technology, physical therapy, and athletic training. The focus of the second edition of Schaum's Outline of Human Anatomy and Phys- iology is on presenting practical information that students will be able to apply to real-world situations they might encounter in their chosen discipline. In addition, numerous examples throughout this study outline reinforce the principle that learning anatomy and physiology helps students become better acquainted with themselves. The integration of anatomy and physiology in this study outline provides students with a focused perspective of body structure and function. The organization, level of rigor, and clinical focus of this study outline is especially appropriate for students preparing for health-related careers. In addition, his study outline provides students with an organized means of preparing for aspects of national mCAt, DAT or allied health board certification examinations The topic sequence and content of this edition are designed to accompany any human anatomy and ysiology textbook. If used as a supplement to a text and class notes, this study outline will improve a students efficiency of study and performance on course examinations. The organization of Schaum's Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology is carefully designed to enhance learning. Each chapter is composed of objective --problems modules. An objective rep- esents a major topic and level of competency that a student should strive to achieve A topic survey fol- lows the objective and is identified with a magnifying glass icon. The survey is a carefully phrased body of information that gives the essence of the topic introduced in the objective. The problems and answ that follow the survey will test a students understanding of the subject and provide additional informa- tion to meet the objective at the desired level. esting information is relevant to the discussion tapat precede it the four icons used are as follows Clinical information is indicated by a physicians staff. OVerview information is given that is pertinent to the objective Developmental information of practical importance is indicated by a human embryo Information relevant to the body processes that maintain homeostasis(a state of dynamic equilibrium) is indicated by a balance KENT M. VAN DE GRAAFF R WARD RHEES

viii Preface to the Second Edition Mastery of the science of human anatomy and physiology is important for students who are planning careers in health-related fields such as medicine, nursing, dentistry, medical technology, physical therapy, and athletic training. The focus of the second edition of Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Phys￾iology is on presenting practical information that students will be able to apply to real-world situations they might encounter in their chosen discipline. In addition, numerous examples throughout this study outline reinforce the principle that learning anatomy and physiology helps students become better acquainted with themselves. The integration of anatomy and physiology in this study outline provides students with a focused perspective of body structure and function. The organization, level of rigor, and clinical focus of this study outline is especially appropriate for students preparing for health-related careers. In addition, this study outline provides students with an organized means of preparing for aspects of national MCAT, DAT, or allied health board certification examinations. The topic sequence and content of this edition are designed to accompany any human anatomy and physiology textbook. If used as a supplement to a text and class notes, this study outline will improve a student’s efficiency of study and performance on course examinations. The organization of Schaum’s Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology is carefully designed to enhance learning. Each chapter is composed of objective – survey – problems modules. An objective rep￾resents a major topic and level of competency that a student should strive to achieve. A topic survey fol￾lows the objective and is identified with a magnifying glass icon. The survey is a carefully phrased body of information that gives the essence of the topic introduced in the objective. The problems and answers that follow the survey will test a student’s understanding of the subject and provide additional informa￾tion to meet the objective at the desired level. Set off from the text narrative are short paragraphs highlighted by accompanying topic icons. This inter￾esting information is relevant to the discussion that precedes it. The four icons used are as follows: Clinical information is indicated by a physician’s staff. Overview information is given that is pertinent to the objective. Developmental information of practical importance is indicated by a human embryo. Information relevant to the body processes that maintain homeostasis (a state of dynamic equilibrium) is indicated by a balance. KENT M. VAN DE GRAAFF R. WARD RHEES Survey

Contents CHAPTER I Introduction to the Human Body CHAPTER 2 Cellular Chemistry CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and function CHAPTER 4 Tissues CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System CHAPTER 7 Muscle Tissue and mode of contraction 108 CHAPTER 8 Muscular System 121 CHAPTER9 Nervous Tissue 148 CHAPTER 10 Central Nervous System 162 CHAPTER Il Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems CHAPTER 12 Sensory Organs 200 CHAPTER 13 Endocrine System 218 CHAPTER 14 Cardiovascular System: blood 238 CHAPTER 15 Cardiovascular System: The heart 251 CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Blood circulation 269 CHAPTER 17 Lymphatic System and Body Immunity 283 CHAPTER 18 Respiratory System 298 CHAPTER 19 Digestive System 315 CHAPTER 20 Metabolism, Nutrition, and Temperature Regulation CHAPTER 21 Urinary System CHAPTER 22 Water and Electrolyte balance 367 CHAPTER 23 Reproductive System 375 Index

ix Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body 1 CHAPTER 2 Cellular Chemistry 19 CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and Function 34 CHAPTER 4 Tissues 47 CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System 62 CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System 77 CHAPTER 7 Muscle Tissue and Mode of Contraction 108 CHAPTER 8 Muscular System 121 CHAPTER 9 Nervous Tissue 148 CHAPTER 10 Central Nervous System 162 CHAPTER 11 Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems 182 CHAPTER 12 Sensory Organs 200 CHAPTER 13 Endocrine System 218 CHAPTER 14 Cardiovascular System: Blood 238 CHAPTER 15 Cardiovascular System:The Heart 251 CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular System:Vessels and Blood Circulation 269 CHAPTER 17 Lymphatic System and Body Immunity 283 CHAPTER 18 Respiratory System 298 CHAPTER 19 Digestive System 315 CHAPTER 20 Metabolism, Nutrition, and Temperature Regulation 337 CHAPTER 21 Urinary System 351 CHAPTER 22 Water and Electrolyte Balance 367 CHAPTER 23 Reproductive System 375 Index 399

CHAPTER I Introduction to the Human bodi Objective A To describe anatomy and physiology as scientific disciplines and to explain how they are related. rvey Anatomy and physiology are subdivisions of the science of biology, which is the study of living organisms, both plant and anim Iman anatomy has to do with body structure and the rela tionships between body structures. Human physiology is concerned with the functions of the body parts. In general, function is determined by structure. 1.1 What are the subspecialties of human anatomy These include gross anatomy, the study of structures observed with the unaided eye: microscopic anatomy the study of structures observed with the aid of a microscope(cytology is the study of cells and their organelles, and histology is the study of tissues that make up organs); developmental anatomy, the study of structural changes from conception to birth; and pathological anatomy(pathology), the study of struc tural changes caused by disease. 1. 2 What are the subspecialties of human physiology? These include cellular physiology, the study of the interactions of cell parts and the specific functions of as an organism develops; and pathological physiology, the study of the functional changes that(occur the organelles and the cell in general; developmental physiology, the study of functional changes that occur organs age or become diseased Objective B To describe the basic characteristics of living organisms and to list the physical requirements Certain characteristics distinguish living things from nonliving things. These characteristics include rey metabolism(ability to build and break down complex molecules),responsiveness(detection and reaction to changes), movement(motion of the whole organism or portions of the organism) growth(increase in physical structure), differentiation(development from a generalized structure to a more specialized one), and reproduction(ability to produce offspring) 1.3 To demonstrate that humans exhibit the characteristics of life We breathe, eat and digest food, excrete body wastes, locomote, and reproduce our own kind, as do other animals Being composed of organic materials, we decompose in death as other animals( chiefly microor ganisms)consume our flesh. The processes by which our bodies produce, store, and utilize energy are similar to those used by all living organisms. The same genetic code that regulates our development is found throughout nature. The fundamental patterns of development observed in many animals are also seen in the formation of the human embryo

CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction to the Human Body Objective A To describe anatomy and physiology as scientific disciplines and to explain how they are related. Anatomy and physiology are subdivisions of the science of biology, which is the study of living organisms, both plant and animal. Human anatomy has to do with body structure and the rela￾tionships between body structures. Human physiology is concerned with the functions of the body parts. In general, function is determined by structure. 1.1 What are the subspecialties of human anatomy? These include gross anatomy, the study of structures observed with the unaided eye: microscopic anatomy, the study of structures observed with the aid of a microscope (cytology is the study of cells and their organelles, and histology is the study of tissues that make up organs); developmental anatomy, the study of structural changes from conception to birth; and pathological anatomy (pathology), the study of struc￾tural changes caused by disease. 1.2 What are the subspecialties of human physiology? These include cellular physiology, the study of the interactions of cell parts and the specific functions of the organelles and the cell in general; developmental physiology, the study of functional changes that occur as an organism develops; and pathological physiology, the study of the functional changes that occur as organs age or become diseased. Objective B To describe the basic characteristics of living organisms and to list the physical requirements for life. Certain characteristics distinguish living things from nonliving things. These characteristics include metabolism (ability to build and break down complex molecules), responsiveness (detection and reaction to changes), movement (motion of the whole organism or portions of the organism), growth (increase in physical structure), differentiation (development from a generalized structure to a more specialized one), and reproduction (ability to produce offspring). 1.3 To demonstrate that humans exhibit the characteristics of life. We breathe, eat and digest food, excrete body wastes, locomote, and reproduce our own kind, as do other animals. Being composed of organic materials, we decompose in death as other animals (chiefly microor￾ganisms) consume our flesh. The processes by which our bodies produce, store, and utilize energy are similar to those used by all living organisms. The same genetic code that regulates our development is found throughout nature. The fundamental patterns of development observed in many animals are also seen in the formation of the human embryo. Survey Survey

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body 1.4 What are the basic physical requirements for the survival of an organism? Water, for a variety of metabolic processes; food, to supply energy, raw materials for building new living matter, and chemicals necessary for vital reactions; oxygen, to release energy from food materials; heat to promote chemical reactions; and pressure, to allow breathing Objective To describe the levels of organization of the human The chemical and cellular levels are respectively the basic structural and functional levels. Each level of body organization(fig. 1. 1)represents an association of units from the preceding level Although the cells in the adult body number in the trillions, there are only a few hundred specific kinds cal CellularTissue System Stomach Atom ystem Molecu! Figure 1.1 Levels of body organization. The chemical, cellular, and tissue levels are microscopic, whereas the organ, system, and organismic levels are macroscopic 1.5 How are similar cells bound together? Similar cells are uniformly spaced and bound together as tissue by nonliving matrix, which the cells secrete Matrix varies in composition from one tissue to another and may take the form of a liquid, semi- solid, or solid. Blood tissue, for example, has a liquid matrix, whereas bone cells are bound by a solid matrix. Not all similar cells, however, have a binding matrix; secretory cells, for instance, are solitary amid a tissue of cells of another kind 1.6 Define the term tissue and explain why the study of tissues is important A tissue is an aggregation of similar cells bound by supporting matrix that performs a specific function Histology is the microscopic science concerned with the study of tissues. Pathology is the medical science concerned with the study of diseased tissues. Tissues are described in chapter 4 1.7 List the four principal types of tissues and describe the functions of each. Epithelial tissue(epithelium)covers body and organ surfaces, lines body cavities and lumina(hollow portions of body tubes), and forms various glands. Epithelial tissue is involved with protection, absorp tion, excretion, and secretion Connective tissue binds, supports, and protects body parts Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement of body parts and permit locomotion. Nervous tissue initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities

2 1.4 What are the basic physical requirements for the survival of an organism? Water, for a variety of metabolic processes; food, to supply energy, raw materials for building new living matter, and chemicals necessary for vital reactions; oxygen, to release energy from food materials; heat, to promote chemical reactions; and pressure, to allow breathing. Objective C To describe the levels of organization of the human body. The chemical and cellular levels are respectively the basic structural and functional levels. Each level of body organization (fig. 1.1) represents an association of units from the preceding level. Although the cells in the adult body number in the trillions, there are only a few hundred specific kinds. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body Survey Figure 1.1 Levels of body organization. The chemical, cellular, and tissue levels are microscopic, whereas the organ, system, and organismic levels are macroscopic. 1.5 How are similar cells bound together? Similar cells are uniformly spaced and bound together as tissue by nonliving matrix, which the cells secrete. Matrix varies in composition from one tissue to another and may take the form of a liquid, semi￾solid, or solid. Blood tissue, for example, has a liquid matrix, whereas bone cells are bound by a solid matrix. Not all similar cells, however, have a binding matrix; secretory cells, for instance, are solitary amid a tissue of cells of another kind. 1.6 Define the term tissue and explain why the study of tissues is important. A tissue is an aggregation of similar cells bound by supporting matrix that performs a specific function. Histology is the microscopic science concerned with the study of tissues. Pathology is the medical science concerned with the study of diseased tissues. Tissues are described in chapter 4. 1.7 List the four principal types of tissues and describe the functions of each. Epithelial tissue (epithelium) covers body and organ surfaces, lines body cavities and lumina (hollow portions of body tubes), and forms various glands. Epithelial tissue is involved with protection, absorp￾tion, excretion, and secretion. Connective tissue binds, supports, and protects body parts. Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement of body parts and permit locomotion. Nervous tissue initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body 1. 8 Use an example to define the term organ and describe the function of that organ. A bone, such as the femur, is an organ because it is composed of several tissue types that are integrated to perform a particular function. The components of the femur include bone tissue, nervous tissue, vascu- lar(blood)tissue, and cartilaginous tissue(at a joint). Not only does the femur, as part of the skeletal sys tem, help to maintain body support, it also serves the muscular system by providing a place of attachment for muscles, and the circulatory system by producing blood cells in the bone marrow Vital body organs are those that are essential for critical body functions. Examples re the heart in pumping blood, the liver in processing foods and breaking down worn blood cells, the kidneys in filtering blood, the lungs in exchanging respiratory gases, and the brain in controlling and correlating body functions. The reproductive organs are not vital body organs, nor are the organs within the appendages. Death of a person occurs when one or more of the vital body organs fails in its function. 1.9 Define the term system as it applies to body organization. A system is an organization of two or more organs and associated structures working as a unit to perform a common function or set of functions; for example, the flow of blood through the body in the case of the circulatory system. Some organs serve more than one body system. The pancreas serves the digestive sys- tem in production and secretion of digestive chemicals(pancreatic juice)and the endocrine system in the production of hormones(chemical messengers, insulin, and glucagon). The basic structure and function of each of the body systems is presented in figs. 1. 2 through fig. 1.11 With the exception of the reproductive system, all of the organs that make up the body sys- tems are formed within the 6-week embryonic period (from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week)of prenatal development. Not only are the vital body organs and systems formed during this time, but many of them become functional. For example, 25 days after conception the heart is pumping blood through the circulatory system. The organs of the reproductive system form between 10 and 12 weeks after conception, but they do not mature nd become functional until a person goes through puberty at about age 12 or 13 个黑 Pelvic girdle Lower extremity DEFINITION The integument(skin)and structures DEFINITION Bones, cartilage, and ligaments derived from it(hair, nails, and oil sweat gland (which steady the bones at the joints ). FUNCTIONS Protects the body, regulates body FUNCTIONS Provides body support and protection, temperature, eliminates wastes, and receives certain permits movement and leverage, produces blood cells Figure 1.2 Integumentary system Figure 1.3 Skeletal system

1.8 Use an example to define the term organ and describe the function of that organ. A bone, such as the femur, is an organ because it is composed of several tissue types that are integrated to perform a particular function. The components of the femur include bone tissue, nervous tissue, vascu￾lar (blood) tissue, and cartilaginous tissue (at a joint). Not only does the femur, as part of the skeletal sys￾tem, help to maintain body support, it also serves the muscular system by providing a place of attachment for muscles, and the circulatory system by producing blood cells in the bone marrow. Vital body organs are those that are essential for critical body functions. Examples are the heart in pumping blood, the liver in processing foods and breaking down worn blood cells, the kidneys in filtering blood, the lungs in exchanging respiratory gases, and the brain in controlling and correlating body functions. The reproductive organs are not vital body organs, nor are the organs within the appendages. Death of a person occurs when one or more of the vital body organs fails in its function. 1.9 Define the term system as it applies to body organization. A system is an organization of two or more organs and associated structures working as a unit to perform a common function or set of functions; for example, the flow of blood through the body in the case of the circulatory system. Some organs serve more than one body system. The pancreas serves the digestive sys￾tem in production and secretion of digestive chemicals (pancreatic juice) and the endocrine system in the production of hormones (chemical messengers, insulin, and glucagon). The basic structure and function of each of the body systems is presented in figs. 1.2 through fig. 1.11. With the exception of the reproductive system, all of the organs that make up the body sys￾tems are formed within the 6-week embryonic period (from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week) of prenatal development. Not only are the vital body organs and systems formed during this time, but many of them become functional. For example, 25 days after conception the heart is pumping blood through the circulatory system. The organs of the reproductive system form between 10 and 12 weeks after conception, but they do not mature and become functional until a person goes through puberty at about age 12 or 13. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body 3 DEFINITION The integument (skin) and structures derived from it (hair, nails, and oil sweat glands). FUNCTIONS Protects the body, regulates body temperature, eliminates wastes, and receives certain stimuli (tactile, temperature, and pain). Figure 1.2 Integumentary system. DEFINITION Bones, cartilage, and ligaments (which steady the bones at the joints). FUNCTIONS Provides body support and protection, permits movement and leverage, produces blood cells (hematopoiesis), and stores minerals. Figure 1.3 Skeletal system

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human body Spinal cord Pectoralis Sartorius anterior DEFINITION Skeletal muscles of the body and their DEFINITION Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensor tendinous attachments organs such as the eye and the ear. FUNCTIONS Effects body movements, maintains FUNCTIONS Detects and responds to changes in posture, and produces body heat internal and external environments, enables reasoning Figure 1. 4 Muscular system and memory, and regulates body activities. Figure 1.5 Nervous system Pituitary gland ral cavity Salivary glands Adrenal gland Pancreas Gallbladder Duodenum Small intestine Large intestine DEFINITION The hormone-producing gland DEFINTION The body organs that render ingested FUNCTIONS Controls and integrates body functions foods absorbable via hormones secreted into the bloodstream FUNCTIONS Mechanically and chemically breaks Figure 1.6 Endocrine system down foods for cellular use and eliminates undigested Figure 1.7 Digestive syste

4 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body DEFINITION Skeletal muscles of the body and their tendinous attachments. FUNCTIONS Effects body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Figure 1.4 Muscular system. DEFINITION Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs such as the eye and the ear. FUNCTIONS Detects and responds to changes in internal and external environments, enables reasoning and memory, and regulates body activities. Figure 1.5 Nervous system. DEFINITION The hormone-producing glands. FUNCTIONS Controls and integrates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream. Figure 1.6 Endocrine system. DEFINITION The body organs that render ingested foods absorbable. FUNCTIONS Mechanically and chemically breaks down foods for cellular use and eliminates undigested wastes. Figure 1.7 Digestive system