复旦大学：《中国近代外交史》课程PPT教学课件（History of Diplomacy in Modern China）Lecture 4 Changes in international structure and China’s diplomacy（1956-1965）

Changes in international structure and Chinas diplomacy (1956-1965) international politics in the period 1) While the confrontation of the two camps continues a detente emerges in Europe(say, the USSR recognized West Germany in 1955) Split appeared within the socialist camp(three groups: the USSR and East European countries, China and albania, and countries in between like Vietnam and north Korea)

Changes in international structure and China’s diplomacy (1956-1965) I. international politics in the period 1) While the confrontation of the two camps continues, a détente emerges in Europe (say, the USSR recognized West Germany in 1955) 2) Split appeared within the socialist camp (three groups: the USSR and East European countries, China and Albania, and countries in between like Vietnam and North Korea)

China-USSR Relations: development and changes Period of doubts: USSR backed CPC morally but suspected it as nationalist( 1946-49) eriod of honeymoon: USSR recognizing PRC, conclusion of the PRC- USSR treaty, USSR's economic assistance to PRC( 1950- 1955 Period of split: Khrushchev's criticism of Stalin and peaceful transition theory(1956); CPC not agree with him USSR's suggestion of Co-building long wave station and common fleets(1958): CPC strongly opposing them USSR tearing up PRC- USSSR national defense new technology agreements

China-USSR Relations: development and changes Period of doubts: USSR backed CPC morally but suspected it as nationalist ( 1946-49) Period of honeymoon: USSR recognizing PRC, conclusion of the PRC- USSR treaty, USSR’s economic assistance to PRC ( 1950- 1955) Period of split: Khrushchev’s criticism of Stalin and peaceful transition theory (1956); CPC not agree with him USSR’s suggestion of co-building long wave station and common fleets (1958); CPC strongly opposing them USSR tearing up PRC- USSSR national defense new technology agreements ( 1959)

USSR supporting India in public( 1962) The communist parties of the two countries accused each other for betraying original Marxism( 1960s) USSR calling back its experts and put an end of many agreements between the two countries (1960s) After Khrushchev's resignation, PRC hoping to improve ties with USSR, but refused, and the two countries fell into military confrontation( since 1964)

USSR supporting India in public ( 1962) The communist parties of the two countries accused each other for betraying original Marxism ( 1960s) USSR calling back its experts and put an end of many agreements between the two countries (1960s) After Khrushchev’s resignation, PRC hoping to improve ties with USSR, but refused; and the two countries fell into military confrontation ( since 1964)

III Divergences emerged between China and the USSR Major causes a) Ideological disputes Nikita Khrushchev's"secrete speech"(1956)denouncing Stalin and his political purges( unrest in Poland and revolution in Hungary later in 1956) USSR's idea of Co-existence with capitalist countries peaceful transition into socialist systems

III. Divergences emerged between China and the USSR ◼ Major causes a) Ideological disputes --Nikita Khrushchev’s “secrete speech” (1956) denouncing Stalin and his political purges ( unrest in Poland and revolution in Hungary later in 1956) -- USSR’s idea of co-existence with capitalist countries --peaceful transition into socialist systems

Chinas responses Joseph stalin made mistakes but is a great marxist --existence of both peace and war five principles of peaceful Co-existence also applicable among socialist countries

China’s responses --Joseph Stalin made mistakes but is a great Marxist --existence of both peace and war --five principles of peaceful co-existence also applicable among socialist countries

b) territorial sovereignty the USSR's proposals(1958) for constructing long-wave radio stations and unified naval fleets in china Soviet attitudes to China-India border disputes 2)Nature of the disputes

b) territorial sovereignty ---the USSR’s proposals (1958) for constructing long-wave radio stations and unified naval fleets in China ---Soviet attitudes to China-India border disputes 2) Nature of the disputes

Taiwan Issue, Agreement on PRC's status PRC-US talks at UN, and Consulate and ambassadorial nationals and No result of 19541970) blockade overseas Taiwan issue toward Prcs level talks students for trade home(1955)

PRC -US talks i( 1954 -1970) Taiwan issue, PRC’s status at UN, and blockade toward PRC’s trade Consulate and ambassadorial level talks Agreement on issues of nationals and overseas students for home (1955) No result of Taiwan issue

IV China-Indian border conflicts(1959, 1962) China and India sharing a long border line many oi which not clearly drawn, 125,000 s, kn being disputed b) The McMahon Line(1914 India taking a neutral policy cy, keepIn g cles witn Dotn tre West and the socialist countries, including China d)1959 Tibetan uprising and the border conflict e) China-Indian border conflict in 1962

IV. China-Indian border conflicts (1959, 1962) a) China and India sharing a long borderline many of which not clearly drawn. 125,000 sq. km being disputed b) The McMahon Line (1914) c) India taking a neutral policy, keeping ties with both the West and the socialist countries, including China d) 1959 Tibetan uprising and the border conflict e) China-Indian border conflict in 1962

The McMahon Line created by the uK in 1914 India inherited the McMahon Line in 1947 Indian troops crossed Chin Indian actual control lines in the 1950s Indian troops attached Chinese border guards in 1959 Indian troops crossed the McMahon Line in 1962 Chinese border army made counterattacks against the Indian troops as responses to it

The McMahon Line created by the UK in 1914 India inherited the McMahon Line in 1947 Indian troops crossed China￾Indian actual control lines in the 1950s Indian troops attached Chinese border guards in 1959 Indian troops crossed the McMahon Line in 1962 Chinese border army made counterattacks against the Indian troops as responses to it

3)Disintegration was seen within the capitalist camp(West Germany and Japan competed with the U.s. in economic field france recognized the prc in 1964 and different attitudes towards ussr began to emerge in the West) 4)Old colonial system was falling apart along with more nations claiming independence from colonizers (UK France, Belgium, Holland and portugal)

3) Disintegration was seen within the capitalist camp (West Germany and Japan competed with the U.S. in economic field; France recognized the PRC in 1964; and different attitudes towards USSR began to emerge in the West) 4) Old colonial system was falling apart along with more nations claiming independence from colonizers (UK, France, Belgium, Holland and Portugal)