复旦大学：《中国近代外交史》课程PPT教学课件（History of Diplomacy in Modern China）Lecture 6 The division of “three worlds” and establishing ties with the U.S. against the USSR（1972-1978）

The division of"three worlds"and establishing ties with the U.S. against the USSR(1972-1978 1. China s reshaping of strategy and foreign policy ll. relations with the first world lll relations with the "second world IX relations with the third world

The division of “three worlds” and establishing ties with the U.S. against the USSR (1972-1978) I. China’s reshaping of strategy and foreign policy II. relations with the “first world” III relations with the “second world” IX relations with the “third world

A“ One Line" strategy To unite the third world countries to win over the second world countries, and to form an international united front( with the US included) fighting against Soviet hegemonism °“ say we need to have one line, that is about the latitude, the USA, Japan, China, Pakistan Iran, Turkey, and Europe( Mao, February 1973)

A “One Line” strategy • To unite the third world countries, to win over the second world countries, and to form an international united front ( with the US included ) fighting against Soviet hegemonism • “I say we need to have one line, that is about the latitude, the USA, Japan, China, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Europe” ( Mao, February 1973)

The idea of three worlds USSR Asian European USA countries countries (except for Japan 2 Japan Australia African Canada countries Latin American countries

The idea of “three worlds

The process of PRC-US normalization R. Nixon entering the White House and showing goodness to China Pingpong diplomacy(April 1971) Kissinger's secret visit to Beijing (July1971) Nixon's visit to Beijing(February 1972)

The process of PRC-US normalization R. Nixon entering the White House and showing goodness to China Pingpong diplomacy (April 1971) Kissinger’s secret visit to Beijing (July 1971) Nixon’s visit to Beijing (February, 1972)

Sino-US Joint Co ue(1972) Liason office established in both sides (1973) PRC's three principles for normalizing diplomatic relationship (1973) Sino-US concluding agreement of tablishing diplomaticties and issuing the second joint communique Dec 1978) The establishment of the diplomatic relations (January 1, 1979)

The Sin0-US Joint Communiqué (1972) Liason office established in both sides (1973) PRC’s three principles for normalizing diplomatic relationship (1973) Sino-US concluding agreement of establishing diplomatic ties and issuing the second joint communiqué ( Dec. 1978) The establishment of the diplomatic relations ( January 1, 1979)

China relations with the "first world Sino-U.S relations 1) the setup of liaison office"in each other's capital in 1973 the relations were enhanced to some extent 2)process was delayed by the "water gate"scandal and resignation of Nixon. The Ford administration stressed more U.S. -Soviet relations, and the talks with the soviet union over strategic weapons

China’ relations with the “first world” Sino-U.S. relations 1) the setup of “liaison office ” in each other’s capital in 1973, the relations were enhanced to some extent 2) process was delayed by the “water gate” scandal and resignation of Nixon. The Ford administration stressed more U.S.-Soviet relations, and the talks with the Soviet Union over strategic weapons

3) Taiwan issue as an obstacle Chinas persistence on the principle of "one Chinaas basic requirement for the normalization (U.S. breaking up relations with Taiwan, abandoning its treaty with Taiwan, and withdrawing its troops from Taiwan) 4 )China and the U.S. normalized their relations in January, 1979 5)U.S. Congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in March 1979

3) Taiwan issue as an obstacle. China’s persistence on the principle of “one China ” as basic requirement for the normalization. (U.S. breaking up relations with Taiwan, abandoning its treaty with Taiwan, and withdrawing its troops from Taiwan). 4.) China and the U.S. normalized their relations in January, 1979. 5) U.S. Congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in March 1979

Sino-USSR relations 1) The USSR was targeted as a major hegemonic power In the world the uSsR was in offensive and the u.S Europe, Japan, and China were in defensive 2)China opposed Soviet expansionism in Africa: the Soviet role in Angola's civil war,(1975) its invasion of Zaire (1977); 3) China opposed Soviet invasion of Afghanistan(1979) 4)In 1979, China and the Ussr ceased the treaty of military alliance"which was in effect in 1950

Sino-USSR relations 1) The USSR was targeted as a major hegemonic power. In the world, the USSR was in offensive , and the U.S., Europe, Japan , and China were in defensive. 2) China opposed Soviet expansionism in Africa: the Soviet role in Angola’s civil war, (1975) its invasion of Zaire (1977) ; 3) China opposed Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979). 4) In 1979, China and the USSR ceased the treaty of “military alliance ” which was in effect in 1950

Chinas relations with the"second world Sino-Japanese relations 1 the signing of Sino-Japanese joint communique and establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972 a) The two countries agree to terminate "the abnormal state of affairs between them. (art. 1) b) in the interest of the friendship between the peoples of the two countries. China " renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan". ( art. 5) c) the two sides seek no hegemony in the region and are opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony(art. 7)

China’s relations with the “second world” Sino-Japanese relations 1 the signing of Sino-Japanese joint communiqué and establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan in 1972. a) The two countries agree to terminate “the abnormal state of affairs”between them. ( art. 1) b) in the interest of the friendship between the peoples of the two countries, China “renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan”. ( art.5) c) the two sides seek no hegemony in the region and are opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony. (art. 7)

2 In 1974, the two sides signed three agreements on trade aviation and navigation, followed by the fishery agreement a year later. 3 The signing of the treaty of peace in 1978, calling for peaceful settlement of disputes following the Five principles of Peaceful Co-existence, promoting economic and cultural cooperation and exchange, and prohibiting both countries from seeking regional hegemony

2 In 1974, the two sides signed three agreements on trade, aviation and navigation, followed by the fishery agreement a year later. 3 The signing of the treaty of peace in 1978, calling for peaceful settlement of disputes following the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence, promoting economic and cultural cooperation and exchange, and prohibiting both countries from seeking regional hegemony