复旦大学：《中国近代外交史》课程PPT教学课件（History of Diplomacy in Modern China）Lecture 1 Introduction

Why study chinese diplomacy Diplomacy is a means to make china communicate with the world and protect its security from external dangers China is deeply involved with the world economic system What occurs around the world far and near sometimes affect china China is taking more responsible roles in the world Increasing exchanges of Chinese culture and lifestyles with those of foreign countries Chinese citizens can influence what their country does in foreign policy

Why study Chinese diplomacy ◼ Diplomacy is a means to make China communicate with the world and protect its security from external dangers ◼ China is deeply involved with the world economic system ◼ What occurs around the world, far and near, sometimes affect China ◼ China is taking more responsible roles in the world ◼ Increasing exchanges of Chinese culture and lifestyles with those of foreign countries ◼ Chinese citizens can influence what their country does in foreign policy

Concepts of diplomacy The word "wajjiad'(diplomacy can be traced back as early as in the Spring and Autumn period (B C 475 BC.221) in china.(近者不亲,无务来远。亲戚不附,无 务外交,墨子语) Here the meaning of" sajiao means civil subjects meeting their officials, or private exchange and communication The word diplomacy in modern sense is from diploma"in Greek, a commission document made by small wood, issued by the roman Senate to the envoy that will go abroad for his identification, similar to letter of credence"or credentials" today

Concepts of diplomacy ◼ The word “waijiao” (diplomacy) can be traced back as early as in the Spring and Autumn period (B.C. 475- B.C. 221) in China. (近者不亲,无务来远。亲戚不附，无 务外交，墨子语) Here the meaning of “waijiao” means civil subjects meeting their officials, or private exchange and communication. ◼ The word “diplomacy” in modern sense is from “diploma” in Greek, a commission document made by small wood, issued by the Roman Senate to the envoy that will go abroad for his identification, similar to “letter of credence” or “credentials” today

Diplomacy can be identified in three basic aspects a)who does diplomacy?(actors players b) How does diplomacy proceed?( means, approaches) c what goals does diplomacy is intended to achieve? (ends, goals)

“Diplomacy” can be identified in three basic aspects: a) who does diplomacy? (actors, players) b) How does diplomacy proceed? ( means, approaches) c) what goals does diplomacy is intended to achieve? (ends, goals)

The content of diplomacy can be understood in both narrow and broad senses Narrowly, diplomacy can be understood as foreign relations Broadly it has three aspects in contents 1) theories of diplomacy 2) diplomatic policies 3)diplomatic relations

The content of diplomacy can be understood in both narrow and broad senses ◼ Narrowly, diplomacy can be understood as foreign relations. ◼ Broadly, it has three aspects in contents: 1) theories of diplomacy 2) diplomatic policies 3) diplomatic relations

Evolutions of Chinese diplomacy Three " thirty years"in Chinese foreign relations new democratic revolution(1919-1949 period of socialist revolution(1949-1979) period of socialist construction (1979-2009)

Evolutions of Chinese diplomacy ◼ Three “thirty years” in Chinese foreign relations: ◼ new democratic revolution (1919-1949) ◼ period of socialist revolution (1949-1979) ◼ period of socialist construction (1979-2009)

the past sixty years fall into six periods period of socialist revolution(1949-1979) period of identifying new China s diplomacy(1949- 955) period of adjusting Chinese diplomacy(1956-1965) period of radical thoughts in dominance(1966-1976)

the past sixty years fall into six periods: 1) period of socialist revolution (1949-1979) ◼ period of identifying new China’s diplomacy (1949- 1955) ◼ period of adjusting Chinese diplomacy (1956-1965) ◼ period of radical thoughts in dominance (1966-1976)

period of socialist construction (1979-2009) period of reforming and opening-up(1977-1989) period of adapting to post-cold war era(1990-2000) period of new development (2001-)

period of socialist construction (1979-2009) ◼ period of reforming and opening-up (1977-1989) ◼ period of adapting to post-cold war era (1990-2000) ◼ period of new development (2001- )

Shift of Modern Chinese Diplomatic Strategies Leaning to one side(1950s) Opposing imperialism and revisionism and promoting world revolution(1960s) opposing revisionism and hegemonism(1970s) Taking independent and peaceful development policies( 1980s Taking low profile strategy and engagement strategy (19905) Taking a responsible role"(2000s)

Shift of Modern Chinese Diplomatic Strategies ◼ Leaning to one side (1950s) ◼ Opposing imperialism and revisionism and promoting world revolution (1960s) ◼ opposing revisionism and hegemonism (1970s) ◼ Taking independent and peaceful development policies( 1980s ) ◼ “Taking low profile” strategy and “engagement strategy” (1990s) ◼ “Taking a responsible role” (2000s)

Four Major Principles in modern Chinese Diplomacy Independence(maintain national sovereignty national independence and autonomy territorial integrity) Peacekeeping and opposing hegemony(maintain world peace and oppose hegemonism and power politics Peaceful coexistence(mutual respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference, equal benefits, peaceful coexistence) Building international political and economic new order (guarantee that all countries have equal rights to their respective developments)

Four Major Principles in modern Chinese Diplomacy ◼ Independence (maintain national sovereignty, national independence and autonomy, territorial integrity) ◼ Peacekeeping and opposing hegemony (maintain world peace and oppose hegemonism and power politics) ◼ Peaceful coexistence (mutual respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference, equal benefits, peaceful coexistence) ◼ Building international political and economic new order (guarantee that all countries have equal rights to their respective developments)

Major events in modern Chinese diplomacy Opening to the Soviet Union Resolving most border issues with neighboring countries Establishing diplomatic relations with more than 170 countries Restoring the PRCs legal position at UN Improving Sino-US relations and China s opening to the outside world again Resolving Hong Kong and Macau issues by the model of one country two systems Embracing the world and improving Chinas position

Major events in modern Chinese diplomacy ◼ Opening to the Soviet Union ◼ Resolving most border issues with neighboring countries ◼ Establishing diplomatic relations with more than 170 countries ◼ Restoring the PRC’s legal position at UN ◼ Improving Sino-US relations and China’s opening to the outside world again ◼ Resolving Hong Kong and Macau issues by the model of “one country two systems” ◼ Embracing the world and improving China’s position