麻省理工大学：《生物材料——组织交互作用》教学讲义（英文版）Simplest synthetic pathways

Simplest synthetic pathways(Ch 7) A. Symbolism of organ synthesis B The central question of organ synthesis C. What is required to synthesize an organ? D. Trans-organ rules of synthesis

Simplest synthetic pathways (Ch. 7) A. Symbolism of organ synthesis. B. The central question of organ synthesis. C. What is required to synthesize an organ? D. Trans-organ rules of synthesis

A Symbolism of Organ Synthesis

A. Symbolism of Organ Synthesis

Information stored in a chemical equation Ammonia synthesis (F Haber) 3H2+N2→>2NH3 reactor reactants→> products NOTE: The stoichiometry(masses on both sides )of a chemical equation expresses conservation of mass( Lavoisier)

Information stored in a chemical equation Ammonia synthesis (F. Haber) T, P 3H 2 + N2 → 2NH 3 reactor reactants → products NOTE: The stoichiometry (masses on both sides) of a chemical equation expresses conservation of mass (Lavoisier)

Transition to biology l。 Reactants Cells migrate, proliferate, synthesize matrices and cytokines, degrade matrices, etc Cytokines are soluble molecules that diffuse. They serve as"language between cells Matrices are insoluble macromolecular networks and do not diffuse. They control cell behavior(phenoty pe)via integrin ligand binding. Usually porous (“ scaffolds”)

Transition to biology I. Reactants • Cells migrate, proliferate, synthesize matrices and cytokines, degrade matrices, etc. • Cytokines are soluble molecules that diffuse. They serve as “language” between cells. • Matrices are insoluble macromolecular networks and do not diffuse. They control cell behavior (phenotype) via integrin￾ligand binding. Usually porous (“scaffolds”)

Transition to biology I Reactors In vitro reactors are dishes or flasks for cell culture In vivo reactors are anatomical sites of organ loss in the living organism Experimental in vivo reactors are generated by surgical excision(scalpel, laser, etc.) at the correct anatomical site of living vo When organ synthesis takes place in vi organism it is referred to as " induced regeneration

Transition to biology II. Reactors • In vitro reactors are dishes or flasks for cell culture. • In vivo reactors are anatomical sites of organ loss in the living organism. • Experimental in vivo reactors are generated by surgical excision (scalpel, laser, etc.). • When organ synthesis takes place in vivo at the correct anatomical site of living organism it is referred to as “induced regeneration

Skin: In vitro or in vivo synthesis? Image removed due to copyright considerations See Figure 7.1-top in Yannas, I V Tissue and Organ Regeneration in Adults. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2001

Skin: In vitro or in vivo synthesis? Image removed due to copyright consi derati ons. See Figure 7.1 - top in Yannas, I. V. Tissue and Organ Regeneration in Adults. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2001. Image removed due to copyright consi derations. See Figure 7.1 - top in Yannas, I. V. Tissue and Organ Regeneration in Adults. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2001

Nerves: In vitro or in vivo? Image removed due to copyright considerations See Figure 7.1-bottom in [Y annas

Nerves: In vitro or in vivo? Image removed due to copyright consi derations. See Figure 7.1 – bottom in [Yannas]. Image removed due to copyright consi derati ons. See Figure 7.1 – bottom in [Yannas]

Standardized reactors epidermIs SKIN dermis PERIPHERAL proximal nerve stumps NERVE

Standardized reactors • Transected nerve SKIN PERIPHERAL NERVE dermis epidermis nerve stumps

Transition to biology. ll Products Organs are made up of tissues Products of the synthesis can be tissues or organs Almost all organs are essentially made up of three types of tissues epithelial, basement membrane and stroma(connective tissue)

Transition to biology. III. Products • Organs are made up of tissues. • Products of the synthesis can be tissues or organs. • Almost all organs are essentially made up of three types of tissues: epithelial, basement membrane and stroma (connective tissue)

Members of the tissue triad EPITHELIA 100% cells No matrix. No blood vessels BASEMENT MEMBRANE No cells. 100% matrix No blood vessels STROMA (CONNECTIVE TISSUE Cells,, matrix, blood vessels

Members of the tissue triad • EPITHELIA 100% cells. No matrix. No blood vessels. • BASEMENT MEMBRANE No cells. 100% matrix. No blood vessels. • STROMA (CONNECTIVE TISSUE) Cells. Matrix. Blood vessels