上海交通大学：《药理学 Pharmacology》课程教学资源（讲义课件）性激素类药及避孕药 Sex Hormones and Contraceptives

Sex Hormones and Contraceptives Li Xinyan Nov.28,2012

Sex Hormones and Contraceptives Li Xinyan Nov.28,2012

Estrogens Progestins Hormonal Contraceptives Androgen

• Estrogens • Progestins • Hormonal Contraceptives • Androgen

Sex Hormones Sex hormones are secreted by the gonads and by the adrenal glands Sex Hormone Ligands .Androgens:testosterone,adrenal Testosterone(T)is a prohormone prehormones(DHEA,DHEAS) -Converted by 5-a reductase to dihydrotestosterone(DHT) -Converted by aromatase to estradiol (E) .Estrogens:estradiol,estrone, estriol .DHEA is a prohormone that is converted to T and then DHT and/or E Progestins:progesterone

Sex Hormones Sex hormones are secreted by the gonads and by the adrenal glands

Sex Hormone Targets ·Breast Female Reproductive Tract:uterus, ovary ·Bone 。Vascular System Central Nervous System .Other:GU,Male Reproductive Tract, Gl,Immune System,Skin,Kidney,Lung

The synthesis and secretion of Regulation of Sex hormone estrogens is stimulated by follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)(卵泡 邀素)which is,in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic Hypothalamus gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH (GnRH)(促性腺邀素释放邀素)， Hypothalamus(下丘脑) Pituitary →GnRH→Pituitary(垂体) →FSH→Follicle→Estrogens FSH LH Gonadal Gonad Hypothalamus→GnRH→ peptides Pituitary-luteinizing Sex Steroids hormone(LH)(黄体刺邀 E,P,T Gametogenesis 素)→Testes→Testosterone Secondary Sex Characteristics The level of testosterone is under Fig.1.The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.GnRH,gonadotropin-releas- negative-feedback control:a rising ing hormone;FSH,follicle-stimulating hormone:LH,luteinizing hormone;E. estrogen:P.progesterone:T.testosterone. level of testosterone suppresses the release of GnRH from the Sex steroid effects at target tissues:mechanisms of action hypothalamus. Margaret E.Wierman Advan in Physiol Edu 31:26-33,2007.:

Regulation of Sex hormone The synthesis and secretion of estrogens is stimulated by follicle‐ stimulating hormone (FSH)（卵泡 刺激素） , which is, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)（促性腺激素释放激素）. Hypothalamus（下丘脑） → GnRH→ Pituitary（垂体） → FSH→Follicle→ Estrogens Hypothalamus→GnRH→ Pituitary→luteinizing hormone(LH)(黄体刺激 素 )→Testes→Testosterone The level of testosterone is under negative‐feedback control: a rising level of testosterone suppresses the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus

Major endocrine glands Hypothalamus Pituitary gland (brain region (secretes many different controlling the hormones,some of which pituitary gland) affect other glands) Thyroid gland Parathyroids (affects metabolism, (help regulate the level among other things) of calcium in the blood) Adrenal glands (inner part,called the medulla,helps trigger the "fight or flight"response) Pancreas (regulates the level of sugar in the blood) Ovary (secretes female Testis sex hormones) (secretes male sex hormones)

Major endocrine glands

The Hypothalamus Small structure at the base of the brain Regulates many body functions,including appetite and body temperature Regulates the pituitary gland

The Hypothalamus Small structure at the base of the brain Regulates many body functions, including appetite and body temperature Regulates the pituitary gland

The Pituitary Gland ·A sort of master gland Hypothalamus ·It is a cherry-sized endocrine gland Neurons that produce hormones ·The hormones it released from posterior pituitary secretes affect the Pituitary growth and secretion stalk of other endocrine glands Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary The real boss is the hypothalamus

The Pituitary Gland • A sort of master gland • It is a cherry-sized endocrine gland • The hormones it secretes affect the growth and secretion of other endocrine glands • The real boss is the hypothalamus

Primary Ovarian Hormones 0 Steroid Hormones -Estrogens Progesterone -Testosterone

Primary Ovarian Hormones • Steroid Hormones – Estrogens – Progesterone – Testosterone

Primary Testicular Hormones ·Steroid Hormones -Androgens Estrogens

Primary Testicular Hormones • Steroid Hormones – Androgens – Estrogens