复旦大学：《中国人口与发展》PPT教学课件_Lecture 8 Migration and Urbanization

MIGRATIONAND URBANIZATION SHEN KE

MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION SHEN KE

Outline Definition of urbanization Urbanization process in the world Urbanization process in China Evolution of China's Urbanization Policy

Outline • Definition of urbanization • Urbanization process in the world • Urbanization process in China • Evolution of China’s Urbanization Policy

Definition of Migration Migration the permanent change in residence How far does a person have to move to be considered as a migrant? Depends on who is asking the question Typically crossing of a county boundary How do we mean by permanent? Typically longer than half a year Census question: What 's your residence 5 years ago? In-migration: migration of persons to an area of destination Out-migration: migration of persons from an area of origin Return migration: migration of persons back to their area of origin at some time after their initial out-migration

Definition of Migration • Migration: the permanent change in residence. • How far does a person have to move to be considered as a migrant? • Depends on who is asking the question • Typically crossing of a county boundary • How do we mean by permanent? • Typically longer than half a year. • Census question: What’s your residence 5 years ago? • In-migration: migration of persons to an area of destination. • Out-migration: migration of persons from an area of origin. • Return migration: migration of persons back to their area of origin at some time after their initial out-migration

Definition of Migration Net migration. the number of in-migrants minus the number of out-migrants Gross migration. the sum of migration for an area and is comprised of the in-migration into the area plus the out migration from the area in-migration rate(MR)=(/P)*1,000 out-migration rate(OMR)=(0/P)*1,000 net migration rate( NMR)=[(-O)/Pl* 1,000 gross migration rate(GMR)=[(+O)/P]* 1,000

Definition of Migration • Net migration: the number of in-migrants minus the number of out-migrants. • Gross migration: the sum of migration for an area and is comprised of the in-migration into the area plus the out￾migration from the area. • in-migration rate (IMR) = (I / P) ∗ 1,000 • out-migration rate (OMR) = (O / P) ∗ 1,000 • net migration rate (NMR) = [(I – O) / P] ∗ 1,000 • gross migration rate (GMR) = [(I + O) / P] ∗ 1,000

Table 6.1. State-to-state domestic migration between 1995 and 2000: California. Nevada. New York and Texas Migration flows State In-migrants Out-migrants Gross migrants Net migrants California 1. 448. 964 2.204.500 3,653,464 -755,536 Nevada 466.123 232.189 698,312 233.934 New York726,4771.600.725 2,327,202 874,246 T exas 1,3628491,214609 2.577458 148,240 Migration measures State IMR OMR GMR NMR MER California471717118.8-24.6-20.7 evada 301.8150.3452.1151.533.5 New York40.689.4130.0-48.8-37.5 Texas 74.266.1140.3 8.1 5.8 IMR= In-migration rate OMR Out-migration rate GMR= Gross migration rate NMR= Net migration rate MER= Migration efficiency ratio Source: Franklin. 2003

Net internal migration: 2000-2004 Florida 190.894 Arizona 66,344 Nevada 50803 41,298 North Carolina 39.137 Texas 36,566 20.535 South Carolina 18,756 Tennessee 16,634 Washington 13354 Lowest Utah -9.495 -11,469 16945 Michigan 28,467 Ohio 31.613 -32.147 Massachusetts -42,402 Illinois 71,854 California 99,039 New York -182, 886

Net internal migration: 2000–2004

Why Migrate? Fertility and mortality both occur in response to biological/genetic and social factors For example, the likelihood that a woman will have a child is due in part to her fecundity(biological) and in part to her income(social) There is no genetic propensity in people favoring or not favoring residential change The likelihood that a person will or will not move is due entirely to factors in the physical and social environment at the areas of origin and destination and to personal factors

Why Migrate? • Fertility and mortality both occur in response to biological/genetic and social factors. • For example, the likelihood that a woman will have a child is due in part to her fecundity (biological) and in part to her income (social). • There is no genetic propensity in people favoring or not favoring residential change. • The likelihood that a person will or will not move is due entirely to factors in the physical and social environment at the areas of origin and destination and to personal factors

Why Migrate? Migration push factors: Lack of job opportunity Discrimination Low availability of social and life partners Community catastrophes such as a flood, epidemic Large scale construction: three Gorges Dam Migration pull factors. Better chances for employment and income Better chances for college enrollment Gentle environment in terms of climate and living conditions Race and sexual orientation

Why Migrate? • Migration push factors: • Lack of job opportunity • Discrimination • Low availability of social and life partners • Community catastrophes such as a flood, epidemic • Large scale construction: three Gorges Dam • Migration pull factors: • Better chances for employment and income • Better chances for college enrollment • Gentle environment in terms of climate and living conditions • Race and sexual orientation

Why Migrate Intervening obstacles Distance Migration regulations such as hukou The pushes and pulls are thus evaluated in light of the costs of overcoming the intervening obstacles Migration flows from less developed areas into more developed growing ones Latin america and asia to the United states Asia to canada Africa and Asia to Europe

Why Migrate • Intervening obstacles • Distance • Migration regulations such as hukou • The pushes and pulls are thus evaluated in light of the costs of overcoming the intervening obstacles. • Migration flows from less developed areas into more developed growing ones: • Latin America and Asia to the United States • Asia to Canada • Africa and Asia to Europe

Urbanization process in the world

Urbanization process in the world