北京大学：《细胞生物学 Cell Science》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）The Evolutionary History of Cell Biology in Brief

细胞科学 Cell Science (1) 蔡国平

细胞科学 Cell Science （1） 蔡国平

8 1 The Evolutionary History of Cell Biology in brief圜 1. Discovery of cell and the evolution of cell theory.(1850s) ◆MJ. Schleiden(1804-1884): Beitrage zur Phytogehesis植物发 生论) Arch Anat Physiol1838,137-176 Q T Schwann(1810-1882): Mikroskopische Untersuchungen Uber die Ubeereunstimmung in der struktur und dem Wachsten der Thiere und Pflanzen ( 于动植物的结构和生长的一致性的显微研究) Berlin: Sander'schen Buchhanlung: 1839 * Actually, by 1830 there were quite widely held views about the cellular nature of organisms

§1 The Evolutionary History of Cell Biology in Brief 1. Discovery of cell and the evolution of cell theory. (~1850s) MJ. Schleiden (1804-1884): Beitrage zur Phytogehesis(植物发 生论), Arch Anat Physiol 1838, 137-176.  T. Schwann (1810-1882): Mikroskopische Untersuchungen Über die Ubeereunstimmung in der struktur und dem Wachsten der Thiere und Pflanzen（关 于动植物的结构和生长的一致性的显微研究）. Berlin: Sander’schen Buchhanlung: 1839. *Actually, by 1830 there were quite widely held views about the cellular nature of organisms

What is the key view of Cell theory Cell theory (All organisms develop from cells but are composed of one or more cells and their products (2) The cell is the structural unit of all organisms and the fundamental unit of life. Every individual cell is an independent whole possessing itself" life as well resembles each other in co-ordination (3)Cells can arise only by division from a pre- existing cell QR. Virchow(1821-1902): Omnis cellula e cellula s Cell Pathology >1855

What is the key view of Cell theory? Cell theory (1)All organisms develop from cells but are composed of one or more cells and their products (2) The cell is the structural unit of all organisms and the fundamental unit of life. Every individual cell is an independent whole possessing itself “ life” as well resembles each other in co-ordination. (3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre￾existing cell  R. Virchow (1821-1902): Omnis cellula e cellula 1855

The importance of Cell theory 恩格斯(自然辩证法p161):有了这个发现 Cell theory)以后 对有机的有生命的自然产物的研究一比较解剖学生理学 和解剖学一才得到了稳固的基础,于是有机体产生,成长 和结构的过程的秘密被揭穿了.从前神妙莫恻的奇迹现在 却表现为依据一切有机体本质上所共同的规律而进行的过 程了

The importance of Cell theory 恩格斯(自然辩证法 p161): 有了这个发现(Cell theory)以后 ,对有机的有生命的自然产物的研究－比较解剖学生理学 和解剖学－才得到了稳固的基础，于是有机体产生,成长 和 结构的过程的秘密被揭穿了. 从前神妙莫恻的奇迹,现在 却表现为依据一切有机体本质上所共同的规律而进行的过 程了

2. Establishment of cytology- classic period(1850-1900) .: The study on the origin of cells-cell: division, amitosis(1841), mitosis(1875), meiosis( 1886) .. The protoplasm was termed, the many organelles were found chromatin(1876), chromosome(1888),aster (1883), mitochondria(1894), Golgi apparatus( 1898).etc .. Microscopy was improved, section and stain techniques developed o Began to understand life phenomena by cells 1895, Overton physiologically proved the membrane The Establishment of cytology: O. Hertwig book The cell and Tissue> 1895

2. Establishment of cytology￾classic period (1850-1900) ⚫ The study on the origin of cells—cell division, amitosis(1841), mitosis (1875), meiosis(1886) ⚫ The protoplasm was termed, the many organelles were found chromatin (1876), chromosome (1888), aster ( 1883), mitochondria (1894),Golgi apparatus(1898).etc. ⚫ Microscopy was improved, section and stain techniques developed ⚫ Began to understand life phenomena by cells 1895, Overton physiologically proved the membrane ⚫ The Establishment of cytology: O. Hertwig book 1895

3. Experiment cytological period (1900-1950) (1) Used experiments and analysis methods in cytological studies extensively W. Roux 1907, frog s embryo(two cells)were seperated and de structured one of the embryo cells, then continue feed and developed Harrison 1909. nerve cells culture A Carrel 1912 chichen Myoblast embryo culture (2)The convergence of cytology with other branches of biology formed some branches of cytology Cytogenetics:1900-30s hot topic 1901K. Correns and h de Vries reconfirmed the Genetic principle and the concept of heritable factors of Gregor Mendel (1865) 1910 Thomas Morgan: Gene theory

3. Experiment cytological period (1900-1950) (1) Used experiments and analysis methods in cytological studies extensively W. Roux 1907, frog s embryo (two cells) were seperated and de structured one of the embryo cells, then continue feed and developed Harrison 1909, nerve cells culture A Carrel 1912 chichen Myoblast embryo culture (2) The convergence of cytology with other branches of biology formed some branches of cytology : Cytogenetics: 1900-30s hot topic 1901 K.Correns and H. De Vries reconfirmed the Genetic principle and the concept of heritable factors of Gregor Mendel (1865) 1910 Thomas Morgan: Gene theory

Cytophysiology: o Danielli Davson: Sandwich biomembrane model(1935) Cell Biochemistry( Cytochemistry): 1930s-50s hot topic Metabolism and the principles of bioenergetics -mitochandria and aerobic respiration The study and argument about the nature of gene 1941 Beadle: one gene, one enzyme 19440T Avery: identified that the transforming principles of bacterium that causes pneumonia is DNA as the carriers of genetic information 4 1930,40S, Bohr, DelbrUck and E SchrOdinger etal, many young physicists turned to investigate genetic nature study on the 3-dimension structure of large biomolecules protein and DNA, to find " other physic principles Application of Electromicroscopy

Cytophysiology:  Danielli & Davson: Sandwich biomembrane model (1935) Cell Biochemistry (Cytochemistry): 1930s-50s hot topic  Metabolism and the principles of bioenergetics —mitochandria and aerobic respiration  The study and argument about the nature of gene— 1941 Beadle: one gene, one enzyme 1944 O.T.Avery: identified that the transforming principles of bacterium that causes pneumonia is DNA as the carriers of genetic information  1930,40s, Bohr, DelbrÜck and E. SchrÖdinger etal, many young physicists turned to investigate genetic nature, study on the 3-dimension structure of large biomolecules, protein and DNA, to find “other physic principles” Application of Electromicroscopy

4. Cell biology period(1950-) Cell biology-it formed mainly owing to development electromicroscopy and molecular biology After a lot of experiment and arguments, 1952, the concept DNA as the carriers of genetic Information was believed suddenly and extensively 1953, Wilkins and Franklin's X-ray crystallography of DNA and j Watson and f crick a double-stranded helix model of dna

4. Cell biology period (1950-) Cell biology-it formed mainly owing to development electromicroscopy and molecular biology After a lot of experiment and arguments, 1952, the concept “ DNA as the carriers of genetic Information ” was believed suddenly and extensively 1953, Wilklins and Franklin’s X-ray crystallography of DNA and J. Watson and F. Crick: a double-stranded helix model of DNA

The Watson- Crick Model structure of DNA gave new meaning to the words genes and Chromosomes -to the chromosome theory of inheritance: the genetic information in the chromosomes. must be encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the molecule-and also gave a molecular explanation for life's unique properties of reproduction and inheritance as well metabolic regulations gave a common molecular basis and new spirit for cytology, genetics, embryology and neuron science etc all branches of biology, which develop further and be reformed to cell biology, molecular genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology etc. The Watson-Crick Model structure of DNA opens then the door leading to transform genes and to remold the world with genes. 1973 S. Cohen and H. Boyer established DNA recombination technique independently

The Watson - Crick Model structure of DNA gave new meaning to the words genes and Chromosomes –to the chromosome theory of inheritance: the genetic information in the chromosomes must be encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the molecule-and also gave a molecular explanation for life’s unique properties of reproduction and inheritance as well metabolic regulations gave a common molecular basis and new spirit for cytology, genetics, embryology and neuron science etc all branches of biology, which develop further and be reformed to cell biology, molecular genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology etc. The Watson - Crick Model structure of DNA opens then the door leading to transform genes and to remold the world with genes. 1973 S. Cohen and H. Boyer established DNA recombination technique independently

Molecular Biology and Cell Biology make up the most important basis of the modern life science and biotechnology. In the past half century, Biology, particularly, molecular biology and cell biology develop parallel with physics, especially information science. Today, biology including cell, biology is uniting with information science and is converging with modern physics science in the most complicated life system. The 21 th century, Cell Biology is being in a new development period Milestones 1997 Wilmut: clone sheep dolly Human Genome Project is to be in success soon

Molecular Biology and Cell Biology make up the most important basis of the modern life science and biotechnology. In the past half century, Biology, particularly, molecular biology and cell biology develop parallel with physics, especially information science. Today, biology including cell biology is uniting with information science and is converging with modern physics science in the most complicated life system. The 21th century, Cell Biology is being in a new development period Milestones: 1997 Wilmut: clone sheep Dolly Human Genome Project is to be in success soon