《结构防灾技术》课程教学课件（讲稿）第七章 爆炸灾害及防爆技术 Explosion hazards and explosion protection technology

第七章／爆炸灾害及防爆技术Chapter 7 Explosion hazards and explosionprotection technology爆炸的特征及其对结构的作用Characteristicsofexplosionand itseffects on structures结构防爆设计Anti-explosion design of structures

第七章 爆炸灾害及防爆技术 Chapter 7 Explosion hazards and explosion protection technology  爆炸的特征及其对结构的作用 Characteristics of explosion and its effects on structures  结构防爆设计 Anti-explosion design of structures

7.1爆炸的特征及其对结构的作用Thecharacteristicofexplosionanditseffectonstructures爆炸与人类的生产活动密切相关的一种现象，一旦对它失去控制，就会酿成巨大的灾害。Explosion is a phenomena closely related to the activity ofhumans, which will cause great damage if it is out of control.南部某瓦斯罐装工厂油灌车起火爆炸XX泡棉工厂爆炸事故

7.1 爆炸的特征及其对结构的作用 The characteristic of explosion and its effect on structures 爆炸与人类的生产活动密切相关的一种现象，一旦对它失去控 制，就会酿成巨大的灾害。 Explosion is a phenomena closely related to the activity of humans, which will cause great damage if it is out of control. XX泡棉工厂爆炸事故 南部某瓦斯罐装工厂油灌车起火爆炸

1.爆炸灾害explosionhazards爆炸灾害案例Explosioncases口1979年，吉林液化气厂液化石油气球罐爆炸，86人伤亡，经济损失600万口1987年，哈尔滨亚麻厂粉尘爆炸，58人死亡，摧毁3个车间1.3万平方米，直接经济损失882万元口1997年，北京东方化工厂油品罐区特大火灾爆炸，死亡9人，经济损失数亿元口2004年，浙江金华医药化工厂爆炸，引燃周围苯、丙酮、甲醇等造成大火，死亡3人，受伤数于人

1.爆炸灾害 explosion hazards  爆炸灾害案例 Explosion cases  1979年，吉林液化气厂液化石油气球罐爆炸，86人伤 亡，经济损失600万  1987年，哈尔滨亚麻厂粉尘爆炸，58人死亡，摧毁3 个车间1.3万平方米，直接经济损失882万元  1997年，北京东方化工厂油品罐区特大火灾爆炸，死 亡9人，经济损失数亿元  2004年，浙江金华医药化工厂爆炸，引燃周围苯、丙 酮、甲醇等造成大火，死亡3人，受伤数千人

2.爆炸类型及特征Classificationofexplosionandcharacteristics爆炸类型Classificationofexplosion口爆炸是一种物质状态突然发生物理或化学变化，并伴随着运动和能量的释放。在短时间内释放大量的能量，产生高温，并放出大量气体，在周围介质中产生高压。Explosion is an physical or chemical changes in states ofmaterials,accompaniedbymotionandthereleaseof energyinashort time. Explosion releases a large amount of energy, resultingin high temperature, and emits a large amount ofgas inthesurroundingmediumtoproducehighpressure.口爆炸特征：周围介质引起状态的急剧变化Characteristics of explosion: Sharp changes in the states of thesurrounding medium口爆炸分类：根据爆炸过程的性质和爆炸发生的机理，分为物理爆炸、化学爆炸和核爆炸Classification of explosions: According to the nature of theexplosionprocessandthemechanismofexplosion,explosionsare divided into physical explosions, chemical explosions andnuclearexplosions

2.爆炸类型及特征 Classification of explosion and characteristics  爆炸类型 Classification of explosion  爆炸是一种物质状态突然发生物理或化学变化，并伴随着运动和 能量的释放。在短时间内释放大量的能量，产生高温，并放出大量 气体，在周围介质中产生高压。 Explosion is an physical or chemical changes in states of materials, accompanied by motion and the release of energy in a short time. Explosion releases a large amount of energy, resulting in high temperature, and emits a large amount of gas in the surrounding medium to produce high pressure.  爆炸特征：周围介质引起状态的急剧变化 Characteristics of explosion: Sharp changes in the states of the surrounding medium 爆炸分类：根据爆炸过程的性质和爆炸发生的机理，分为物理爆 炸、化学爆炸和核爆炸 Classification of explosions: According to the nature of the explosion process and the mechanism of explosion, explosions are divided into physical explosions, chemical explosions and nuclear explosions

2. Classification of explosion and characteristics物理爆炸Physicalexplosions福爆炸物质的形态发生变化而化学成分没有改变，强脉冲放电、锅炉爆炸、火山爆发。themorphologyofexplosivesubstanceschanges,whilethechemical compositions remain the same, for examples: strongpulsedischarge,boilerexplosion,volcano eruption.口锅炉爆炸Boilerexplosion水一水蒸汽一形成高压一锅炉承载力不够一爆炸Water - water vapor -high pressure-inadequate bearingcapacityofbioler-Explosion特点：不需要着火，以过热液体蒸发为基础的物理爆炸现象称为蒸汽爆炸Features:physical explosionphenomenonbasedontheevaporationofsuperheated liquidwhichknownassteamexplosion and don't require fire

2.Classification of explosion and characteristics 物理爆炸 Physical explosions 爆炸物质的形态发生变化而化学成分没有改变，强脉冲放电、锅炉 爆炸、火山爆发。 the morphology of explosive substances changes, while the chemical compositions remain the same, for examples: strong pulse discharge, boiler explosion, volcano eruption.  锅炉爆炸 Boiler explosion 水—水蒸汽—形成高压—锅炉承载力不够—爆炸 Water - water vapor - high pressure – inadequate bearing capacity of bioler – Explosion 特点：不需要着火，以过热液体蒸发为基础的物理爆炸现 象称为蒸汽爆炸 Features: physical explosion phenomenon based on the evaporation of superheated liquid which known as steam explosion and don’t require fire

2. Classification of explosion and characteristics物理爆炸Physicalexplosions地震、火山爆炸Earthquake，volcanicexplosion地壳内部弹性压缩所引起的地壳运动（地震、火山爆发等）Crustal movement caused by elastic compression of theearth's crust (earthquakes,volcanic eruptions, etc.)口强脉冲放电爆炸Strongpulsedischargeexplosion强火花放电或高压电流通过金属丝所引起的爆炸，能源为电能，放电区的空气压力急剧升高，在周围形成很强的冲击波。Theexplosion caused bythestrongsparkdischargeorthe high voltage current through the wire releaseselectricity energy.And the air pressure in the dischargearea rises rapidly, forming a strong shockwave in thesurrounding area

2.Classification of explosion and characteristics 物理爆炸 Physical explosions 地震、火山爆炸 Earthquake, volcanic explosion 地壳内部弹性压缩所引起的地壳运动（地震、火 山爆发等） Crustal movement caused by elastic compression of the earth's crust (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.)  强脉冲放电爆炸 Strong pulse discharge explosion 强火花放电或高压电流通过金属丝所引起的爆炸，能源为 电能，放电区的空气压力急剧升高，在周围形成很强的冲 击波。 The explosion caused by the strong spark discharge or the high voltage current through the wire releases electricity energy. And the air pressure in the discharge area rises rapidly, forming a strong shockwave in the surrounding area

2.Classification of explosion and characteristics化学爆炸Chemicalexplosion口爆炸物质的化学成分发生变化。瓦斯爆炸和炸药爆炸Changes in the chemical composition of explosive substances,for example: gas explosion and dynamite explosion口炸药爆炸dynamiteexplosion口特征：过程的放热性、过程的高速度、产生大量的气体Features: high speed process that emits heat and gases口热量的释放是爆炸的一个重要条件The release of heat is an important condition for explosion

 化学爆炸 Chemical explosion  爆炸物质的化学成分发生变化。瓦斯爆炸和炸药爆炸 Changes in the chemical composition of explosive substances, for example: gas explosion and dynamite explosion 炸药爆炸 dynamite explosion  特征：过程的放热性、过程的高速度、产生大量的气体 Features: high speed process that emits heat and gases. 热量的释放是爆炸的一个重要条件 The release of heat is an important condition for explosion. 2.Classification of explosion and characteristics

2. Classification of explosion and characteristics核爆炸Nuclearexplosion口由于核裂变或核聚变反应，释放出核能所形成的爆炸Theexplosionofnuclearenergyisreleasedduetonuclearfissionorfusionreaction口核爆炸所释放的能量比普通爆炸释放能量大很多倍，温度达到几百万到几千万度，产生几十万兆帕到几百万兆帕的高压The energy released by nuclear explosion is many timesgreater than that released by ordinary explosion, and thetemperature can reach millions to tens of millions Celsiusproducing a high pressure of hundreds of thousands tomillionsofMpa

 核爆炸 Nuclear explosion  由于核裂变或核聚变反应，释放出核能所形成的爆炸 The explosion of nuclear energy is released due to nuclear fission or fusion reaction 核爆炸所释放的能量比普通爆炸释放能量大很多倍，温度达 到几百万到几千万度，产生几十万兆帕到几百万兆帕的高压 The energy released by nuclear explosion is many times greater than that released by ordinary explosion, and the temperature can reach millions to tens of millions Celsius, producing a high pressure of hundreds of thousands to millions of Mpa. 2.Classification of explosion and characteristics

2. Classification of explosion and their characteristics核爆炸Nuclearexplosion口核爆炸危害Nuclearexplosionhazards口产生强有力的冲击波Generation of strong shockwave口产生核辐射（中子和r射线）Generation of nuclear radiation (neutrons and R rays)口剩余的放射性材料产生B粒子和r射线，放射性污染The remaining radioactive materials produce Bparticles and R -rays, which is radioactivecontamination

 核爆炸 Nuclear explosion 核爆炸危害 Nuclear explosion hazards  产生强有力的冲击波 Generation of strong shockwave  产生核辐射（中子和r射线） Generation of nuclear radiation (neutrons and R rays)  剩余的放射性材料产生B粒子和r射线，放射性污染 The remaining radioactive materials produce B particles and R - rays, which is radioactive contamination 2. Classification of explosion and their characteristics

3.一般爆炸对结构的作用Effects ofgeneralexplosiononstructures冲击波的破坏作用Destructiveactionofshockwave冲击波的破坏作用主要是由冲击波的超压引起的。在爆炸中心附近，空气冲击波的超压可达几个甚至十几个大气压，在这样的超高压作用下，建筑物将被摧毁，机械设备、管道等也会受到严重破坏。一主要荷载The destructive action of the shockwave is mainlycaused by its overpressure.In the vicinity ofexplosioncenter,the air shockwave overpressure can be evenmore than a dozen atmospheric pressure.In such asuperhighpressure,thebuildings will bedestroyedAnd mechanical equipment, pipelines, etc. will beseriouslydamaged.Mainload

3.一般爆炸对结构的作用 Effects of general explosion on structures 冲击波的破坏作用 Destructive action of shockwave 冲击波的破坏作用主要是由冲击波的超压引起的。在爆 炸中心附近，空气冲击波的超压可达几个甚至十几个大 气压，在这样的超高压作用下，建筑物将被摧毁，机械 设备、管道等也会受到严重破坏。—主要荷载 The destructive action of the shockwave is mainly caused by its overpressure. In the vicinity of explosion center, the air shockwave overpressure can be even more than a dozen atmospheric pressure. In such a super high pressure, the buildings will be destroyed. And mechanical equipment, pipelines, etc. will be seriously damaged.—— Main load