大学英语四六级阅读理解之内在逻辑关系（PPT讲稿）

四六级阅读理解之内在逻辑关系高晓平公共外语学院英语阅读教研室

四六级阅读理解之内在逻辑关系 高晓平 公共外语学院 英语阅读教研室

因果对比、转折比较否定

对比、转折 因 果 比 较 否 定

一、对比、转折关系对比：while/whereas/on the other hand/onthe contrary/unlike/conversely转折：but/however/yet/although/nevertheless/despite/inspiteof/infact/practically/virtuallylindeedunfortunately

一、对比、转折关系 对比： while/whereas/on the other hand/on the contrary/unlike/conversely 转折： but/however/yet/although/ nevertheless/despite/in spite of/ in fact/ practically/ virtually/ indeed unfortunately

一、对比、转折关系Example60.The author believes that, since theNo government will adopt rigid restric-tions on economicgrowthand personsigning of the Kyoto Protocol-al freedom (limits onelectricityusage,drivingandtravel)thatmightcutbackA.politicianshave startedtodoglobalwarming.Still,politicianswantsomethingtobetterthesituationto show they're"doing something".B.few nations have adopted realConsidertheKyotoProtoco（京都议定toughmeasures to limit energy use书).ItallowedcountriesthatjoinedtoC.reductions in energyconsumptionpunish those that didn't.But it hasn'thavegreatlycut backglobal warmingreducedco2emissions(upabout25%D.internationalcooperationhassince1990),andmanysignatories签contributedto solving environmental字国)didn'tadopttoughenoughpoliciesto hittheir 2008-2012 targets.problems

一、对比、转折关系 60. The author believes that, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol,_. A. politicians have started to do something to better the situation B. few nations have adopted real tough measures to limit energy use C. reductions in energy consumption have greatly cut back global warming D. international cooperation has contributed to solving environmental problems Example No government will adoptrigid restric -tions on economic growth and person -al freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel)thatmight cut back global warming. Still, politicianswant to show they're "doing something". Considerthe Kyoto Protocol(京都议定 书). It allowed countriesthatjoined to punish those that didn't. But it hasn't reduced CO2 emissions(up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签 字国) didn't adopt tough enough policiesto hit their 2008-2012 targets

因果关系二1表示原因：because/becauseof/for/as/since/显性因果in that/on account of/why/reason/beattributedto/dueto/owingto表示结果：so/therefore/thereby/hence/thus/as a result/consequently/accordingly

二、因果关系 表示原因： because/because of/for/as/since/ in that/on account of/why/reason/ be attributed to/due to/owing to 表示结果： so/therefore/thereby/hence/ thus/as a result/ consequently/accordingly 显 性 因 果

因果关系导致(因-果)：cause/lead to/give rise to/result in/render/produce隐性因果由...而来(果-因)：resultfrom/derive from/originatefrom/initiatefrom/stemfrom/＊反映，体现：reflect/present/demonstrate/suggest/imply*考虑到：given/considering/inviewof/thanksto/accordingto*依赖于：relyon/dependon

二、因果关系 导致(因-果)： cause/lead to/give rise to/result in/render/ produce 由.而来(果-因)： result from/derive from/originate from/ initiate from/stem from/ 隐 性 因 果 ＊反映，体现： reflect/present/demonstrate/suggest/imply ＊考虑到：given/considering/in view of/ thanks to/according to ＊依赖于：rely on/depend on

因果关系二1ExampleHistorically,mostphysical-fitness tests have usuallyincludedmeasuresofmuscularstrengthand39.Peopleweregivenendurance,notforhealth-relatedreasons,butphysical fitnesstests inprimarilybecausesuchfitnesscomponentshaveorderto find outbeenrelatedtoperformance inathletics.Howeverhowwelltheycould?in recent years, evidence has shown that trainingdo in athleticsprogramsdesignedprimarilyto improve muscularstrengthandendurancemightalsooffersomeB) what their healthhealthbenefitsaswell.TheAmericanCollegeofconditionwas likeSportsMedicine now recommends thatweightC)whatkindoffitnesstrainingbepartofatotalfitnessprogramforhealthycenterwas suitableforAmericans.IncreasedparticipationinsuchtrainingisthemoneofthespecificphysicalactivityandfitnessD)whethertheywereobjectivesofHealthyPeople2000:NationalHealthfitforaerobicexercisePromotionandDiseasePreventionObjectives

二、因果关系 39. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out _. A) how well they could do in athletics B) what their health condition was like C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise Example Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives

三比较关系同级比较：thesameto/as...as比较级：morethan/-erthan最高级：the+形容词最高级，maximum/minimum/peak/favorite等本身就具有最高级意义的词汇

三、比较关系 同级比较：the same to/as.as 比较级：more than/-er than 最高级： the+形容词最高级， maximum/minimum/peak/favorite等 本身就具有最高级意义的词汇

三比较关系表示变化：changelalter/varylrevise/increaseldecreaselenhance/diminish/progre特殊ss/advance/improve/degenerate表示差异：different/distinguish/similarlcomparablelcompareto表示超越：surpass/exceed/excel/over

三、比较关系 表示变化： change/alter/vary/revise/increase/ decrease/enhance/diminish/progre ss/advance/improve/degenerate 表示差异： different/distinguish/similar/ comparable/compare to 表示超越： surpass/exceed/excel/over 特 殊

三、比较关系ExampleHisresults to be presented atthe58.Hancock'sresearchfindingconferenceonhuman-computersurprisedthose who believed thatinteraction in Vienna, Austria,inAprilhavesurprised psychologistsSome expected emailers to be theA)peoplearelesslikelytolieinbiggest liars,reasoningthatbecauseinstantmessagesdeceptionmakespeopleB)peopleareunlikelytolieinface-uncomfortable,thedetachment（非to-face interactions直接接触)ofemailingwouldmakeitpeoplearemost likelyto lieineasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopleemail communicationto lie more in face-to-face exchangesD)peoplearetwiceaslikelytolieinbecause we are most practised atphone conversationsthat form of communication

三、比较关系 58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that _. A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages B) people are unlikely to lie in face￾to-face interactions C) people are most likely to lie in email communication D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations Example His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非 直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication