山东农业大学：《英美文学史》课程教学资源（PPT讲稿）Unit 3 The Renaissance

Unit 3 The renaissance Genre of Literature: Drama/Play a. What is Drama? The word drama comes from the greek verb dran meaning to perform. When we speak drama, we mean a story in dialogue performed by actors. onon a stage before an audience--. in other words, a play. We also use the term drama in a more general sense to refer to the literary genre that encompasses all written plays and to the profession of writing, producing, and performing plays

Unit 3 The Renaissance ◼ Genre of Literature :Drama/Play ◼ a. What is Drama? ◼ The word drama comes from the Greek verb dran, meaning “to perform.” When we speak drama, we mean a story in dialogue performed by actors, on on a stage, before an audience--- in other words, a play. We also use the term drama in a more general sense to refer to the literary genre that encompasses all written plays and to the profession of writing, producing, and performing plays

b. The classifications of drama a Tragedy: a type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usu For the worse. In tragedy catastrophe and suffering await many of the characters, esp the hero a Comedy: A type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usu. For the better In comedy things work out happily in the end Tragicomedy: a type of play that contains elements of both tragedy and comedy a Tragic flaw: a weakness or limitation of character result in the fall of tragic hero

◼ b. The Classifications of Drama ◼ Tragedy: A type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usu. For the worse. In tragedy catastrophe and suffering await many of the characters, esp. the hero. ◼ Comedy: A type of drama in which the characters experience reversals of fortune, usu. For the better. In comedy things work out happily in the end. ◼ Tragicomedy: a type of play that contains elements of both tragedy and comedy. ◼ Tragic flaw: a weakness or limitation of character result in the fall of tragic hero

a C. Aristotle on Tragedy Aristotle. Chapter vi. The Poetics trans. Leon golden in aristotles Poetics: A Translation and Commentary for Students of Literature Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice, 1968

◼ c. Aristotle on Tragedy ◼ Aristotle. "Chapter VI". The Poetics. trans. Leon Golden. in Aristotle's Poetics: A Translation and Commentary for Students of Literature. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice, 1968

definition of tragedy: Tragedy is, then, an imitation of a noble and complete action, having the proper magnitude, it employs language that has been artistically enhanced by each of the kinds of linguistic adornment, applied separately in the various parts of the play, it is presented in dramatic, not narrative form, and achieves through the representation of pitiable and fearful incidents the catharsis of such pitiable and fearful incidents

◼ definition of tragedy: ◼ "Tragedy is, then, an imitation of a noble and complete action, having the proper magnitude; it employs language that has been artistically enhanced by each of the kinds of linguistic adornment, applied separately in the various parts of the play; it is presented in dramatic, not narrative form, and achieves through the representation of pitiable and fearful incidents, the catharsis of such pitiable and fearful incidents

a the definition further explained I mean by "language that has been artistically enhanced. " that which is accompanied b rhythm and harmony and song; and by the phrase each of the kinds of linguistic adornment applied separately in various parts of the play, " I mean that some parts are accomplished by meter alone and others, in turn through song(11

◼ the definition further explained: ◼ "I mean by "language that has been artistically enhanced," that which is accompanied by rhythm and harmony and song; and by the phrase "each of the kinds of linguistic adornment applied separately in various parts of the play," I mean that some parts are accomplished by meter alone and others, in turn, through song" (11

Genre of literature: Sonnets/ sonnet a. The Sonnet as a literary form The sonnet originated in Italy around the 1530s and endured as one of the onl of regulations. There are two types or Set forms of lyric poetry with a definitive sonnet: the talian or petrarchian and the english or elizabethan. The forms differ in structure, rhyme scheme, and subject matter

Genre of Literature: Sonnets/Sonnet a. The Sonnet as a Literary Form The sonnet originated in Italy around the 1530's and endured as one of the only forms of lyric poetry with a definitive set of regulations. There are two types of sonnet: the Italian or Petrarchian and the English or Elizabethan. The forms differ in structure, rhyme scheme, and subject matter

a The Elizabethan sonnet was generally divided into three quatrains and a couplet with varying rhyme patterns; abab cdcd efef gg( Shakespeare) abab abab abab cc(Surrey ),and abab bcbc cdcd ee(Spenser ). The sonnets were generally written in iambic pentameter although other metres were used including blank verse. In terms of thought they might adhere to the quatrain structure with three distinct thoughts combining to form the whole or they might revert to the Italian form of two thoughts in a octave-sestet. Milton's On the Late massacre in Piedmont" was even comprised of three sentences that ran over division lines to replicate a paragraph(Bender 2, 5)

◼ The Elizabethan sonnet was generally divided into three quatrains and a couplet with varying rhyme patterns; abab cdcd efef gg (Shakespeare), abab abab abab cc (Surrey), and abab bcbc cdcd ee (Spenser). The sonnets were generally written in iambic pentameter although other metres were used including blank verse. In terms of thought they might adhere to the quatrain structure with three distinct thoughts combining to form the whole or they might revert to the Italian form of two thoughts in a octave-sestet. Milton's "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont" was even comprised of three sentences that ran over division lines to replicate a paragraph (Bender 2,5)

■b. THE SONNET a lyric poem of fourteen lines, following one or another of several set rhyme-schemes. Critics of the sonnet have recognized varying classifications. but to all essential purposes two types only need be discussed ff the student will understand that each of these two. in turn has undergone various modifications by experimenters. The two characteristic sonnet types are the lta lian(Petrarchan) and the English(shakespearean). The first, the Italian form, is distinguished by its bipartite division into the octave and the sestet the octave consisting of a first division of eight lines rhyming

◼ b. THE SONNET ◼ A lyric poem of fourteen lines, following one or another of several set rhyme-schemes. Critics of the sonnet have recognized varying classifications, but to all essential purposes two types only need be discussed ff the student will understand that each of these two, in turn, has undergone various modifications by experimenters. The two characteristic sonnet types are the Italian (Petrarchan) and the English (Shakespearean). The first, the Italian form, is distinguished by its bipartite division into the octave and the sestet: the octave consisting of a first division of eight lines rhyming

The English(Shakespearean)sonnet, on the other hand is so different from the Italian(though it grew from that form) as to permit of a separate classification Instead of the octave and sestet divisions this sonnet characteristically embodies four divisions: three quatrains(each with a rhyme-scheme of its own) and a rhymed couplet. Thus the typical rhyme scheme for the English sonnet is

◼ The English (Shakespearean) sonnet, on the other hand, is so different from the Italian (though it grew from that form) as to permit of a separate classification. Instead of the octave and sestet divisions, this sonnet characteristically embodies four divisions: three quatrains (each with a rhyme-scheme of its own) and a rhymed couplet. Thus the typical rhyme￾scheme for the English sonnet is

a C. Sonnets of William Shakespeare (1). TheShakespearean" Sonnet (2 ). Sonnet XVIll

◼ c. Sonnets of William Shakespeare ◼ (1). The "Shakespearean" Sonnet ◼ (2). Sonnet XVIII