武汉理工大学：《英语言学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿，英文版）featuresof WORD

⊙ hapte8eeon

Chapter 3 Lexicon

Whatis四od A word is dead When it is said Some say. I say it just begins to live that day. Emily Dickinson,A Word A particular string of sounds must be united with a meaning and a meaning must be united with specific sounds in order for the sounds or the meaning to be a word in our mental lexicon A word. then. is a free form which does not consist entirely of (2/3)lesser free forms; in brief a word is a minimum free form >)Bloomfield, 1933, p178)

What is a word? • A word is dead • When it is said, • Some say. • I say it just begins to live that day. • Emily Dickinson, “ A Word” • A particular string of sounds must be united with a meaning and a meaning must be united with specific sounds in order for the sounds or the meaning to be a word in our mental lexicon. • A word, then, is a free form which does not consist entirely of (2/3) lesser free forms; in brief, a word is a minimum free form. » Bloomfield, 1933, p178)

Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers but difficult to define 1. Three senses of a word 2. dentification of words 3. Classification of words

I Features of WORD • Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers but difficult to define 1. Three senses of a word 2. Identifications of words 3. Classification of words

morphology Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation Morphology falls into two categories: inflectional morphology(study of inflections)and lexical/derivational morphology(study of word formation)

Morphology • Morphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. • Morphology falls into two categories: inflectional morphology (study of inflections) and lexical/derivational morphology (study of word formation)

Morpheme: Definition and classification Definition: The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical Ask: Weaknesses: how many morphemes?

• Morpheme: Definition and classification • Definition: The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical. • Ask: weaknesses: how many morphemes?

ClariFication free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness derivational/inflectional morpheme (lexical meaning)(grammatical meaning) e. g. Weak/ness-es

Classification • free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness • derivational/inflectional morpheme • (lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) • e.g. weak/ness-es

morphology the ocicace ol四o m They gave it me, Humpty dumpty continued, for an un-birthday present I beg your pardon? Alice said with a puzzled air Im not offended, said Humpty Dumpty °“ I mean, What is an un- birthday present? A present given when it isn't your birthday, of course Lewis Carroll, Through the looking glass

Morphology: the science of word forms • “They gave it me, “ Humpty Dumpty continued, “ for an un-birthday present.” • “I beg your pardon?” Alice said with a puzzled air. • “I’m not offended,” said Humpty Dumpty. • “ I mean, what is an un-birthday present?’ • “ A present given when it isn’t your birthday, of course.” • Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass

UcHcmco Lexeme: denotes an item of vocabulary with a single referent whether it consists of one word or more, e.g. kick the bucket die

Lexemes • Lexeme:denotes an item of vocabulary with a single referent whether it consists of one word or more, e.g. kick the bucket = die

oG四od Lexical content words: Nouns, verbs, adi, and adv make us the largest part of the vocabulary in English Also called open-class words: download, weatherwise saleswise Function Words Prep, conjunctions, determiners, pronouns Also kown as grammatical words, closed class words Generic form n: We will hire the best person for the job regardless of his sex. he/she, his/her"e, they their

Classes of words • Lexical content words: – Nouns, verbs, adj, and adv make us the largest part of the vocabulary in English. – Also called open-class words: download, weatherwise, saleswise, • Function Words: – Prep., conjunctions, determiners, pronouns – Also kown as grammatical words, closed class words – Generic form:n: “We will hire the best person for the job regardless of his sex.” he/she, his/her “e,” they & their

Ruley of Word Formation I never heard of uglification Alice ventured to say. What is it? The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. Never heard of uglifying! it exclaimed.You know what to beautify is suppose?Yes, said Alice doubtfully: it means -to make--anything--prettier "Well, then, the Gryphon went on, if you dont know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton Lewis carroll. Alice in Wonderland Lexical gaps: Ugly+ify, beauty+ify: Morphemes can be combined in this way because there are morphological rules in every language that determine how morphemes combine to form new words

Rules of Word Formation • “ I never heard of ‘uglification,’” Alice ventured to say. “What is it?” The Gryphon lifted up both its paws in surprise. “ Never heard of uglifying!” it exclaimed. “You know what to beautify is, I suppose?” “Yes,” said Alice doubtfully: “it means –to make—anything—prettier.” “Well, then,” the Gryphon went on, “if you don’t know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton.” • Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland • Lexical gaps: Ugly+ify, beauty+ify: Morphemes can be combined in this way because there are morphological rules in every language that determine how morphemes combine to form new words