武汉理工大学：《英语言学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿，英文版）Important Concepts（2）

mportant Concepts(2) Langue Parole 2. Competence Performance 12 3. Synchronic vs diachronic 4. Etic vs emic O 3 8 765

Important Concepts (2) 1. Langue & Parole 2. Competence & Performance 3. Synchronic vs. diachronic 4. Etic vs. Emic

Langue(语言)Vs. Parole (言语) by Saussure 12 aa) Langue-Langue refers to 9 3 the language system shared by 765 all the members of a speech community a b Parole- Parole refers to the actual use of language by people in speech or writing

I Langue (语言） vs. Parole （言语）by Saussure ◼ a) Langue — Langue refers to the language system shared by all the members of a speech community. ◼ b) Parole — Parole refers to the actual use of language by people in speech or writing

Competence(语言能力)Ⅴs. Performance(语言应用)bv Chomsky 12 a) Competence 9 3 Competence is the ideal 765 language user's knowledge of the rules of his language b)Performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication

Competence (语言能力）vs. Performance （语言应用）by Chomsky a) Competence — Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. b) Performance — Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication

Emc(位学的)Vs.Etc(非 位的) by Pike 12 a)Emic -An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as 9 3 meaningful via final resource to the 765 native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigators ingenuity or intuition alone b)Etic -Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviorally inconsequential, differentiations

Emic (位学的） vs. Etic (非 位的） by Pike a) Emic —An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone. b) Etic —Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviorally inconsequential, differentiations

Similarities Differences of three pairs 12 Langue: a grammatical system 9 3 that has a potential existence in 765 the brain a Competence: an ideal users knowledge of the language Emic. a system of abstract contrastive unIts, esp phonemes

Similarities & Differences of three pairs ◼ Langue: a grammatical system that has a potential existence in the brain ◼ Competence: an ideal user’s knowledge of the language. ◼ Emic: a system of abstract contrastive units, esp. phonemes

Similarities Differences of three pairs a Parole: the concrete utterance 12 of a speaker 9 3 765 a Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing a Etic: analysis of the physical patterns of speech without reference to their function within the language

Similarities & Differences of three pairs ◼ Parole: the concrete utterance of a speaker ◼ Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing ◼ Etic: analysis of the physical patterns of speech without reference to their function within the language

Similarities Differences of three pairs 12 a Langue: a storehouse filled by 9 3 the members of a given 765 community through their active use ot speaking Competence: the knowedge of an ideal speaker-listener in a completely homogeneous speech community

Similarities & Differences of three pairs ◼ Langue: a storehouse filled by the members of a given community through their active use of speaking. ◼ Competence: the knowledge of an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community