武汉理工大学：《英语言学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿，英文版）Morphology and Syntax

Morphology and Syntax England's Queen is Elizabeth I. The Queen of England is Elizabeth Il He loves books He is a lover of books The planes which fly are red The flying planes are red He is hungrier than she He is more hungry than She

Morphology and Syntax ◼ England’s Queen is Elizabeth II. The Queen of England is Elizabeth II. He loves books. He is a lover of books. The planes which fly are red. The flying planes are red. He is hungrier than she. He is more hungry than She

Syntax To grammar even kings bow J. B Moliere. Les femmes savantes, 1672 The Sentence Patterns of Language Knowledge of a L includes the ability to construct phrases and sentences out of morphemes and words. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's K of these structures and their formation is called Syntax

Syntax ◼ To grammar even kings bow. J. B. Moliere, Les femmes savantes, II, 1672 ◼ The Sentence Patterns of Language ◼ Knowledge of a L includes the ability to construct phrases and sentences out of morphemes and words. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s K of these structures and their formation is called Syntax

a Part of what we mean by structure is word order. The meaning of a sentence depends to great extent on thethe order in which words occur in a sentence I don't sing because I am happy. I am happy because I sing Brazil defeated Germany. a Germany defeated Brazil However, sometimes a change of word order has no effect on meaning: The Chief Justice swore in the new President The Chief Justice swore the new president in The grammars of all languages include rules of syntax that reflect speaker's knowledge

◼ Part of what we mean by structure is word order. The meaning of a sentence depends to great extent on the the order in which words occur in a sentence. ◼ “I don’t sing because I am happy. I am happy because I sing.” ◼ Brazil defeated Germany. ◼ Germany defeated Brazil. ◼ However, sometimes a change of word order has no effect on meaning: ◼ The Chief Justice swore in the new President. ◼ The Chief Justice swore the new president in. ◼ The grammars of all languages include rules of syntax that reflect speaker’s knowledge

What Grammaticality Is Based On a. The boy found the ball b. The boy found quickly C. The boy found in the house d. The boy found the ball in the house e. Disa slept the baby. f. Disa slept soundly g. Zack believes Robert to be a gentleman h. Zack believes to be a gentleman Zack tries Robert to be a gentleman i. Zack tries to be a gentleman k. Zack wants to be a gentleman . Zack wants Robert to be a gentleman

What Grammaticality Is Based On a. The boy found the ball. b. The boy found quickly c. The boy found in the house d. The boy found the ball in the house e. Disa slept the baby. f. Disa slept soundly. g. Zack believes Robert to be a gentleman. h. Zack believes to be a gentleman. i. Zack tries Robert to be a gentleman. j. Zack tries to be a gentleman. k. Zack wants to be a gentleman. l. Zack wants Robert to be a gentleman

m. Jack and Jⅲ‖ ran up the hill n. Jack and Jill ran up the bill 0. Jack and Jill ran the hill up p. Jack and Jill ran the bill up g. Up the hill ran Jack and Jill r. Up the bill ran Jack and Jill Grammaticality judgements are not idiosyncratic but are determined by rules that are shared by speakers of a language The syntactic rules that account for the ability to make these judgements include, in addition to rules of word order. other constraints To be a sentence words must confirm to specific patterns determined by the syntactic rules of the L

m. Jack and Jill ran up the hill. n..Jack and Jill ran up the bill. o. Jack and Jill ran the hill up. p. Jack and Jill ran the bill up. q. Up the hill ran Jack and Jill. r. Up the Bill ran Jack and Jill. Grammaticality judgements are not idiosyncratic but are determined by rules that are shared by speakers of a language. The syntactic rules that account for the ability to make these judgements include, in addition to rules of word order, other constraints. To be a sentence , words must confirm to specific patterns determined by the syntactic rules of the L

What Grammaticality is Not Based On Not on what is taught in school Not on the whether the sentence is meaningful or not Colorless green ideas sleep furiously A verb crumpled the milk Not on having heard the sentence before Enormous crickets in pink socks danced Not on the truth of sentences -if it did, lying would be impossible Not on whether real objects are being discussed Not on whether something is possible Unconscious K of syntactic rules of grammar permits speakers to make grammaticality judgments

What Grammaticality is Not Based On ◼ Not on what is taught in school. ◼ Not on the whether the sentence is meaningful or not. ◼ Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. ◼ A verb crumpled the milk. ◼ Not on having heard the sentence before. ◼ Enormous crickets in pink socks danced. . ◼ Not on the truth of sentences – if it did, lying would be impossible. ◼ Not on whether real objects are being discussed. ◼ Not on whether something is possible. ◼ Unconscious K of syntactic rules of grammar permits speakers to make grammaticality judgments

Syntactic K and Ambiguity Sentences have structures as well as word order Boutique: Ask for the synthetic buffalo hides I'd like to see the synthetic buffalo hides Yes, Sir. Should I stumble on a head of synthetic buffalo, you'll be among the 1 st to be notified Structural ambiguity: For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers Lexical Ambiguity: This will make you smart Smart: clever/ burning sensation Grammatical Relations a. Bill hired Mary b. Mary hired Bill C. Bill was hired by Mary

Syntactic K and Ambiguity ◼ Sentences have structures as well as word order. Boutique: Ask for the synthetic buffalo hides. ◼ I’d like to see the synthetic buffalo hides. ◼ Yes, Sir. Should I stumble on a head of synthetic buffalo, you’ll be among the 1st to be notified. Structural ambiguity: For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers. Lexical Ambiguity: This will make you smart. Smart: clever/ burning sensation. Grammatical Relations: a. Bill hired Mary. b. Mary hired Bill. c. Bill was hired by Mary

Grammatical relations like subject and direct object do not always tell us who does what to Whom The syntactic rules permit speakers to produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences never produced or heard before, the creative aspect of L use Thus, the syntactic rules in a grammar must at least account for. a The grammaticality of sentences Word order Structural ambiguity Grammatical relations Whether different structures have differing meanings The creative aspect of Language

◼ Grammatical relations like subject and direct object do not always tell us “who does what to whom. ◼ The syntactic rules permit speakers to produce and understand an unlimited number of sentences never produced or heard before, the creative aspect of L use. ◼ Thus, the syntactic rules in a grammar must at least account for: ◼ The grammaticality of sentences ◼ Word order ◼ Structural ambiguity ◼ Grammatical relations ◼ Whether different structures have differing meanings ◼ The creative aspect of Language

A major goal of linguistics is to show clearly and explicitly how syntactic rules account for this K A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of what speakers implicitly know about language Every sentence has one or more corresponding constituent structures composed hierarchically arranged parts called constituents. These may be graphically depicted as tree structures. Each tree corresponds to one of the possible meanings Structural ambiguity can be explicitly accounted for by multiple tree structures

◼ A major goal of linguistics is to show clearly and explicitly how syntactic rules account for this K. A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of what speakers implicitly know about language. ◼ Every sentence has one or more corresponding constituent structures composed hierarchiclly arranged parts called constituents. These may be graphically depicted as tree structures. Each tree corresponds to one of the possible meanings. Structural ambiguity can be explicitly accounted for by multiple tree structures

The child found the puppy. A police officer found the puppy. a This yellow cat found the puppy Your neighbor found the puppy. A family of expressions that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality is called a syntactic category. NP, VP PP, S, Det, N, Adj, Pro, Adv, Aux, and v a Speakers know the syntactic categories of their L, even if they do not know the technical terms

◼ The child found the puppy. ◼ A police officer found the puppy. ◼ This yellow cat found the puppy. ◼ Your neighbor found the puppy. ◼ A family of expressions that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality is called a syntactic category. ◼ NP, VP, PP, S, Det, N, Adj, Pro, Adv, Aux, and V. ◼ Speakers know the syntactic categories of their L, even if they do not know the technical terms