扬州大学：《生理学》课程教学课件（PPT讲稿）第一章 绪论 Introdution-3/3

WELCOMETOHumanPhysiology(LECTURESESSION)Department of PhysiologyYangzhou University School of MedicineSpring2020

WELCOME TO Human Physiology (LECTURE SESSION) Department of Physiology Yangzhou University School of Medicine Spring 2020

Whatarethefundamental characteristics of a livingorganism?1.Metabolism2.Excitability3.Reproduction

What are the fundamental characteristics of a living organism? 1. Metabolism 2. Excitability 3. Reproduction

Metabolism:ChemicalReactionsin the body's cells that convert the fuel from food into theenergy needed to do everything from moving to thinking togrowingTwotypes:1.Catabolic:largemoleculesbreakdowntosmallones2.AnabolicsimplemoleculesgoestocomplexonesPurpose:1.Energy(ATP)production2.Makingbuildingblocks(aminoacidsandnucleicacidsetc.)

Two types: 1.Catabolic: large molecules breakdown to small ones 2.Anabolic: simple molecules goes to complex ones Purpose: 1.Energy (ATP) production 2.Making building blocks (amino acids and nucleic acids etc.)

Metabolism=lifeMetabolism is a constantprocess that begins when we'reconceivedand ends when wedie.It is a vital process forall lifeforms -notjusthumans.If metabolism stops,a living thing dies.Thereason isthat all living cells need Metabolism,e.g--Neurons diewithinminuteswithoutO2and Glucose--Musclecells can notcontractwithoutATP--Cells can not dividewithoutnewlyproducedamino acids

Metabolism = life The reason is that all living cells need Metabolism, e.g. - Neurons die within minutes without O2 and Glucose - Muscle cells can not contract without ATP - Cells can not divide without newly produced amino acids

GlycolysisvsKrebsCycleGlycolysisintheCytoplasmCitricAcidCycleElectron TransportChainintheglucoseCeMitochondria42ATPADPEnergyglucose6-phosphateC-Pvestlientstage2HNAO+IW+o,H/0fructose6-phosphateCg-PATPNADHCO2ADPBRNAD+2xglyceraldehyde 3-phosphateP-C32NAD-Ketoglutarate CsNAD+2.NADHCitrateC,2x13-biphosphoglycerateP-CrP2ADPKrebsCycleLADZATPCO22x 3-phosphoglycerateP-C34ATPEneegySuccinate C,Oxaloacetate CH20Harvestingstage2xphosphoenolpyruvateP-CNet Gain:2ADPFumarate C,2ATPNADHFADH2ATPNAD:2xpyruvateP.C3COAlactate

Cancercellstendto convertmostWARBURGglucose to lactate via Glycolysisregardless of whether oxygen isEFFECTpresent.Definition of WarburgEffectDifferentiated tissueTumorProliferativetissueC+O02+/-02GlucoseGlucoseGlucoseO2PyruvatePyruvatePyruvate85%5%LactateLactateLactateCO2CO2

What's the Flip Side of Metabolism?WpeeROS个fromCu/ZnSODO"HOH*HH'H'IMSeeusiIMMAMatrixHOOFADHFAD"OHNADHNAD*ATPADP+P;Fe2+O2O"GPx>H2OO2+H20H202CatalaseGSHGSSG

What’s the Flip Side of Metabolism? ROS from

ReactiveOxygenSpecies(ROS)1.highlyreactivespeciesformedbytheincompleteone-electronreductionofoxygen2.includingsuperoxide(O2)hydrogenperoxide(H,O2)hydroxylradical(OH)nitricoxide(NO)peroxynitrite(ONOO)nitrogendioxideradical(NO2)3.lowlevelsofRoS.---->cellularsignaling4.highlevelsofROS---->oxidativedamagetolipidsproteinsandDNA

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 1. highly reactive species formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen 2. including superoxide (O2 - ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH- ), nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO- ), nitrogen dioxide radical (NO2 ) 3. low levels of ROS -> cellular signaling 4. high levels of ROS -> oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA

ROSIncreaseDamagesDNA,LipidsandProteinsROSO2H,O2DNA:DNA-strand breaksSuperoxideHydroganradicalmutationsperoxidedeletionsOHHydroxytradicafattyacids:peroxidationproteins:carbonylationaminoacidmodification

ROS Increase Damages DNA, Lipids and Proteins

RosIncreaseandAging个ROSaccumulationMitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell butproduce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).These species arehypothesized tobe a majorcontributorto theagingprocess.Thesereactiveoxygen speciescandamageDNA,lipids andproteinscausingmitochondrialROSproductiontoincreasewithage.ItispossiblethatmtDNA is a primary targetof oxidative damage and as more copies of the mtDNA sustain mutations,complexesintheelectrontransportchainbecomelessefficientduetostoichiometricmismatchesbetweenthemitochondrialvs.nuclearencodedcomponents oftheelectrontransportchains.Thisgradualaccumulation ofdamagetomtDNAwouldbeexpectedtoleadtoadeclineinmitochondrialfunction

ROS Increase and Aging ROS accumulation