《景观生态学》（英文版） LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 14

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 14 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 14 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

Radiation Modelling Amount of radiation critical for plants and animals: (1)Affects photosynthesis primary productivity (2)Thermal regime air and soil temperature (3) Controls evaporation rate soil moisture Evaporation liquid water water vapour requires energy round atmosphere Energy comes from solar radiation Hence, people record aspect as an index of how exposed/sheltered a site is, as shaded sites are cooler and moister

Radiation Modelling • Amount of radiation critical for plants and animals: (1) Affects photosynthesis primary productivity (2) Thermal regime air and soil temperature (3) Controls evaporation rate soil moisture - Evaporation liquid water water vapour requires energy ground atmosphere - Energy comes from solar radiation Hence, people record aspect as an index of how exposed/sheltered a site is, as shaded sites are cooler and moister

Components and parameters of the SRAD solar radiation Extraterrestrial model Incident Radiation Latitude Only those parameters Date(Solar relevant to incoming short-wave radiation Atmospheric are shown Transmittance(15) T Lapse Rate(14.3) Diffuse Radiation Sunshine fraction Topography (from DEM) NB SRAD calculates radiation Topographic Shading using a dem Albedo (3)

Components and parameters of the SRAD solar radiation model Only those parameters relevant to incoming short-wave radiation are shown NB SRAD calculates radiation using a DEM

But amount of radiation received at a location is a function of: (1)Aspect (2) Slope (3 Horizon shading (4)Time of year angle of sun in the sk (5)Latitude July Tropic Cance March Se 0 Equate Cairns opIC of 18 Jan Capricorn ie. In winter sun is to the north and · S-E Aust low in horizon · Tasmania

But, amount of radiation received at a location is a function of: (1) Aspect (2) Slope (3) Horizon shading (4) Time of year (5) Latitude angle of sun in the sky ie. In winter, sun is to the north and low in horizon • Tasmania • S-E Aust Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer 0 -180 July Jan March Sept Cairns

Radiation is measured by Met. bureau using radiometers on flat ground Therefore, interpolation surface contains no samples of radiation on an inclined surface Alternative is to model radiation using a deter- ministic, process-simulation model-"cloudy - requires user to provide estimates of about 10 parameters to calibrate model to prevailing atmospheric and terrain conditions calculates radiation on an inclined surface

• Radiation is measured by Met. bureau using radiometers on flat ground Therefore, interpolation surface contains no samples of radiation on an inclined surface • Alternative is to model radiation using a deter￾ministic, process-simulation model - “cloudy” requires user to provide estimates of about 10 parameters to calibrate model to prevailing atmospheric and terrain conditions calculates radiation on an inclined surface

Stations with measured mean monthly solar radiation Type 1 stations; *Type 3 stations. Hatched area denotes Hunter valley region 115°E120 30 140 150°E 150s 200 20°; 30 15°E120° 130 140 150°E

Stations with measured mean monthly solar radiation + Type 1 stations; * Type 3 stations. Hatched area denotes Hunter Valley region

Estimating monthly mean values of daily total solar radiation for Australia JANUARY Units: MJ/m /day

Estimating monthly mean values of daily total solar radiation for Australia Units: MJ/m2 /day

JULY

pe 051015202530354045505560 0 0.990.980.960.930.900.850.800.750.690.630.560.480.41 10 0.990.980.960.930.900.850.810.750.700.630.560.490.42 0.990.980.960.930.900.860.810.760.710.650.580.520.45 3 0.990.980.960.940.900.860.820.770.720.660.610.540.48 40 0.990.980.960.940.910.870.830.790.740.690.630.580.52 0.990.980.970.940.910.880.840.80 60 1.000.980.970.940.920.890.850.810.770.730.680.630.58 70 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.860.820.780.740.700.650.60 E80.1.000.990.970.950.920.900.860.830.790.750.710.660.62 1.000.990.970.950.930.900.870.830.790.750.710.670.62 1.000.990.970.950.93 00.860.830.790.750.710.660.62 110 1.000.990.970.950.930.890.860.820.780.740.700.650.60 120 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.850.810.770.730.680.630.58 130 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.850.800.760.710.660.600.55 140 1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.790.740.690.630.570.52 150 1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.790.730.670.610.550.48 160 1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.780.730.670.600.530.45 170 1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.780.730.660.600.530.45 180 1.000.990.970.950.920,880.840.780.730.670.600.530.45 190.1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.780.730.660.600.520.45 200 1.000.990.97 80.840.780.730.660.600.530.45 210 1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.790.730.670.610.550.48 220 1.000.990.970.950.920.880.840.790.740.690.630.570.52 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.850.800.760.710.660.600.55 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.850.810.770.720.680.630.58 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.860.820.780.740.690.650.60 260 1.000.990.970.950.930.900.860.830.790.750.710.660.62 1.000.990.970.950.930.900.860.830.790.750.710.670.62 280 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.860.830.790.750.710.660.62 290 1.000.990.970.950.920.890.860.820.780.740.700.650.60 300 1.000.980.970.940.920.890.850.810.770.720.680.630.58 310 990.980.970.940.910 0.840.800.750.710.660.600.55 320 0.990.980.960.940.910.870.830.790.740.690.630.570.52 33 0.990.980.960.940.900.860.820.770.720.660.610.540.48 340 0.990.980.960.930.900.860.810.760.710.650.580.520.45 350 0.990.980.960.930.900.850.810.750.690.630.560.490.42 360 0.990.980.960.930.900.850.800.750.690.630.560.480.41

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Slope N E S N Aspect North-east Qld Jan

Slope 051015202530354045505560 1.061.111.151.181.211.221.231.231.211.191.161.121.07 10 1.061.111.⊥51.181.201.221.221.221.201.181.151.111.06 1.051.101.141.171.191.201.201.201.181.161.121.081.03 30 1.051.091.131.151.171.181.181.171.151.121.091.040.99 40 1.041.081.111.131.141.141.141.131.111.081.041.000.95 1.041.071.091.101.111.111.101.081.061.030.990.950.90 60 1.031.051.061.071.071.061.051.031.000.970.930.890.85 苏9E 70 1.021.031.031.031.021.010.990.970.940.910.870.830.79 1.011.011.000.990.980.960.930.910.880.840.800.760.72 1.000.990.970.950.9 30.900.870.84 800.770.730.690.64 0.990.970.940.910.880.850.810.770.730.690.650.610.56 110 0.980.950.910.870.830.790.740.700.650.610.560.520.48 120 0.970.930.880.830.780.730.680.630.570.530.480.430.39 130 0.960.910.850.800.740.670.610.550.500.440.390.340.30 140 0.950.890.830.760.690.620.550.490.420.360.300.250.21 150 0.940.880.810.740.660.580.500.420.350.280.220.170.12 160 940.870.790.710.630.540.460.370.290.210.140.090.05 170 0.940.860.780.700.610.520.430.330.240.150.070.010.00 0.930.860.780.700.610.510.420.320.220.130.040.000.00 190 0.930.860.780.700.610.520430.330.240.150.070.010.00 200 0.940.870.790.710.630.540.460.370.290.210.140.090.05 210 0.940.88 10.740.660.580.500.420.350.280.220.170.12 220 0.950.890.830.760.690.620.550.490.420.360.300.250.21 230 0.960.910.850.800.740.670.610.550.500.440.39 0.970.930.880.830.780.730.680.630.570.530.480.430.39 250 0.980.950.910.870.830.790.740.700.650.610.560.520.48 0.0.990.970.940.910.880.850.810.770.730.690.650.610.56 270 1.000.990.970.950.930.900.870.840.800.770.730.690、64 280 1.011.011.000.990.980.960.930.910.870.840.800.760.72 290 1.021.031.031.031.021.010.990.970.940.910.870.830.79 300 1.031.051.061.071.071.061.051.031.000.970.930.890.85 310 1.041.071.091.101.111.101.101.081.061.030.990.950.90 20 1.041.081.111.131.141.141.141.131.111.081.041.000.95 330 1.051.091.131.151.171.181.181.171.151.121.091.040.99 340 1.051.101.141.171.191.201.201.201.181.16.1.121.081.03 1.061.111.151.181.201.221.221,221.201.181.151.111,06 360 1.061.111.151.181.211.221.231.231.211.191,161.121.07

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Slope Aspect North-east Qld July