《景观生态学》（英文版） LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 6

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 6 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 6 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

(1)Physiognomy, (2) life forms, 3 growth forms and(4)structure vary in a predictable way with climate and other environmental variables related to the growth of a plant 1. Net photosynthesis of foliage canopy 2. Structural support 3. Water/nutrient delivery network 4. Reproduction Respiration Translocation/storage of photosynthates 1,4,3 2,3 2,3,4

• (1) Physiognomy, (2) life forms, (3) growth forms and (4) structure - vary in a predictable way with climate and other environmental variables - related to the growth of a plant 1. Net photosynthesis of foliage canopy 2. Structural support 3. Water/nutrient delivery network 4. Reproduction Respiration Translocation/storage of photosynthates 1, 4, 3 2, 3 2, 3, 4

Plant Life Cycle Germination Growth 一 Reproduction Death Annual growth cycle Perrenial sexual vegetative

Plant Life Cycle Germination Growth Reproduction Death • Annual growth cycle • Perrenial sexual vegetative

Optimum ranges for environmental factors at each stage Temperature fluidity Spore germination D21.5 Liquid2O):5.1-6.3:0-1600 Growth of protonema D)17.s1)26.3 Liquid15.1-5810 Nl3.8N20.8 Production of buds D17S126.3 N13.SN20.8 Growth of shoot .Dl78D2.3 100 5).1-5.S N13.8N20.8 Production of sex organs Fertilization I Liquid 11.0 Growth of sporophyte Production of spores Production of gemmae D17.8)21.5 100 (100 N3.8N106.9 Gemma germination D19.9D23.5 Liquid I4)3.04i.5{30-1000 N172N20.7

Optimum ranges for environmental factors at each stage

Temperature controls on plant growth 1. Shoot growth 2. Stem/trunk growth Initiation and rate of 3. Leaf initiation/expansion growth etc is tem perature controlled 4. Root growth In colder climates, eg Boreal, temperature activates/ closes 'active cycle'ie plant 'shuts down'in between Eg. start growing season 5 days where MDT >5C end growing season MINT <2C Growing degree days accumulated temperature sum above a base temp erature

Temperature controls on plant growth: 1. Shoot growth 2. Stem/trunk growth 3. Leaf initiation/expansion 4. Root growth • In colder climates, eg. Boreal, temperature activates/ closes ‘active cycle’ ie. plant ‘shuts down’ in between Eg. start growing season 5 days where MDT >50C end growing season MINT <20C • Growing degree days - accumulated temperature sum above a base temp￾erature Initiation and rate of growth etc. is temperature controlled

shoot elongation leaf elongation dehardening bud development cold acclimation diameter growth root growth bud bud growth beak set March Aprll May June July August Sept Oct Nov Growing Season(Number of Days)

(a) Seasonal cycles of foliation and stem growth of native eucalypts temperate southern Australia(after Gill 1964, Ruiter 1964 b)seasonal growth and stem growth in fertilized Pinus radiata trees in southern australia Trunks Shoot/stem growth 2) oot expansion/ starch storage 二 sO dia( 2C hoots Tt unks A S

(a) Seasonal cycles of foliation and stem growth of native eucalypts temperate southern Australia (after Gill 1964, Ruiter 1964) (b) Seasonal growth and stem growth in fertilized Pinus radiata trees in southern Australia Shoot/stem growth root expansion/ starch storage

Mean Daily Temperature elevation temperature latitude≤, temperature

Mean Daily Temperature elevation >, temperature < latitude <, temperature <

GOO Rain-forest treO b13 10o Poaceae alytus C3 2 C d 20 peatlands a 6Oo section 占 2oO Specht(1981) LATITUD LATITUDE

Specht (1981)

Thermal response expressed as a fraction of the maximum dry matter production) of a leaf canopy for plant communities dominated by temperate C3, tropical C3 and tropical C4 species (after Fitzpatrick Nix 1970; Sweeny& Hopkinson 1975) 1.O) 8 a.0.6 2o.4 0.2 10 20 30 MEAN DAILY TEMPERATURE

Thermal response expressed as a fraction of the maximum dry matter production) of a leaf canopy for plant communities dominated by temperate C3 , tropical C3 and tropical C4 species (after Fitzpatrick & Nix 1970; Sweeny & Hopkinson 1975)