《景观生态学》（英文版） LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 2

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 2 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 2 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

Principles of Geographic Information Systems for land resource assessments by Burrough, PA(1986/7) Oxford science Publications Monographs on soils and resources Survey no 12 raster(gridded), point, and vector data types grid based data manipulation data visualisation(2d, 3d) scale: resolution real and integer data types ancillary modelling programs

‘Principles of Geographic Information Systems for Land Resource Assessments’ by Burrough, P.A. (1986/7) Oxford Science Publications Monographs on Soils and Resources Survey no. 12 - raster (gridded), point, and vector data types - grid based data manipulation - data visualisation (2d, 3d) - scale; resolution - real and integer data types - ancillary modelling programs

A fundamental problem How do we know what is where? How can we obtain landscape-wide(ie spatially distributed)data about the ecological (biophysical) resources of a landscape? We can only ever take measurements from a relatively small number of field survey sites/plots; climate, topography, vegetation wildlife, substrate

A fundamental problem! How do we know what is where? How can we obtain landscape-wide (ie. spatially distributed) data about the ecological (biophysical) resources of a landscape? We can only ever take measurements from a relatively small number of field survey sites/plots; climate, topography, vegetation, wildlife, substrate

The 'Integrated Landscape Paradigm 1940s CSIRO Land Use research 1990s, CsIRO Water and land Reconnaissance survey for land use evaluation Grazin Agriculture Forestry Recreation Nature conservation Surveyed large areas to determine major types of country and to assess natural resources Analyse patterns from visual inspection of air photos Land units/elements that have a uniform parent material, topography, soil and vegetation Land systems, however, were mapped

The ‘Integrated Landscape Paradigm’ 1940s, CSIRO Land Use Research 1990s, CSIRO Water and Land • Reconnaissance survey for land use evaluation - Grazing - Agriculture - Forestry - Recreation - Nature conservation • Surveyed large areas to determine major types of country and to assess natural resources • Analyse patterns from visual inspection of air photos - Land units/elements that have a uniform parent material, topography, soil and vegetation - Land systems, however, were mapped

>1 occurrence of a land unit Field survey undertaken to sample land units So, survey data were spatially extended through assumption of covariance ie assumed all examples of a land unit sufficiently similar to infer properties of an unsurveyed unit from a sampled site A product of the available technology air photo interpretation cartography Basic 'assumption of covariance' still used in survey(soil, geology, vegetation!) cartographic products often used as source data for gis!

• >1 occurrence of a land unit • Field survey undertaken to sample land units • So, survey data were spatially extended through assumption of covariance ie. assumed all examples of a land unit sufficiently similar to infer properties of an unsurveyed unit from a sampled site • A product of the available technology - air photo interpretation - cartography • Basic ‘assumption of covariance’ still used in survey (soil, geology, vegetation!) - cartographic products often used as source data for GIS!

Location of chimbu province PACIFIC BISMARCK SEA OCEAN NEW IRELAND sepr CHIMBU PROVINCE PAPUA NEW BRITAIN BOUGAINVILLE AN EW GUINEA SOLOMON GULF OF PAPUA Port Moresby ORAL SE insula

Location of Chimbu Province

LAND UNIT Colluvial Spurs(Sedimentary)(CSS) LAND ATTRIBUTES DRAINAGE NETWORK Relief class Low Stream pattern Tributary Grain class Moderately spaced Altitudinal range 14003500m CLIMATE AREA 95 km Annual rainfall class 20003500mm GEOLOGICAL FORMATION Kondaku Tuff (Kik), Chim Formation(Kuc GENERAL DESCRIPTION Spur ridges occur on extensive colluvial-mantled outcrop The upper portion of spur ridges(spur crest and spur slope slopes, often beneath short steep scarps. They are tear-drop have gradational, well drained soils, whereas the footslopes in shape with the apex pointing upslope, and are intimately have well drained and imperfectly drained soils d with a tributary stream channel pattern In cross section they have narrow to broad crests(spur crest) and this unit is mainly confined to northern Chimbu where it short, steep slopes (spur slope) with moderate footslopes. intensively gardened to as high as 2200 m. where it occurs in the south it is h forested

Sedimentary spurs north of the Sena River east of Karimur. Landscape components are scarp (c), spur crest (D), spur slope(A)and footslope(B) Adjoining this unit are the Sena River terraces (ART c A AR

Sedimentary spurs north of the Sena River east of Karimur. Landscape components are scarp (C), spur crest (D), spur slope (A) and footslope (B). Adjoining this unit are the Sena River terraces (ART)

300 ONG CROSS D 0 1 km SUB LAND UNIT A B 60 LANDFORM Spur slo Slope Moderate Very steep Dimension Short Short Relief Negligible Negligible Negligible Surface roughness Channelled Channelled Irregular boulders SURFACE WATER Type curvedness Angular Si Depth Shallow Dimension Permanence Perennial Liability to flood Intermittent

SOIL Relative area Dominant Co-dominant Co-dominan Dominant PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS Profile form Gradational Stratified Stratified Uniform Depth Deep Deep Shallow D Imperfect Reaction trend Neutral Neutral Parent material Volcanic ash Colluvium Colluvium Sediments TOP SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Thickness Moderate Thick Moderate Colour Dark brown Dark brown Dark brown Organic matter/texture Organic clay loam Loam Loam Sandy loam Gravel SUB-SOIL CHARACTERISTICS Colour Brown Brow Consistency Friable Friable Firm Text Clay Clay loam Weathered rock Gravel Few stones Few stones GENERAL REFERENCE Soil taxonomy Hydrandepts Humitropepts Tropaquept Troporthents Soil taxonomy 2 Hydrandepts Andaquepts Soil taxonomy 3 GMH soil family Ogelbeng Gelben Mottled colluvial soils Lithosols GMH land system 1 K Koge GMH land system 2 Bismarck Bismarck Bismarck Bismarck GMH land unit 1 GMH fand unit 2 3 Number of soil samples