《景观生态学》（英文版） LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 5

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 5 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY SREM 3011 LECTURE 5 Dr Brendan Mackey Department of Geography The Australian National University

A FErtile offspring under natural conditions ≤ genetic analysis> What is a species?

A B ‘Fertile offspring under natural conditions’ What is a species?

What characteristics/attributes should/can we measure to quantify the response of biota to climate or the environment, generally)? Individual plant characteristic/attributes Characteristics of a vegetation stand How does climate affect plant physiology select plant/vegetation attributes for which there is a physiological basis that reflects measurable environmental attributes

• What characteristics/attributes should/can we measure to quantify the response of biota to climate (or the environment, generally)? • Individual plant characteristic/attributes • Characteristics of a vegetation stand • How does climate affect plant physiology - select plant/vegetation attributes for which there is a physiological basis that reflects measurable environmental attributes

Taxonomy Every plant is a measure of the conditions under which it grows Presencelabsence of a species Environmental variables have not exceeded tolerance ranges Plant has made net growth Ecologically competitive BUT What is a species? A taxonomic abstraction ?? Any reality outside a taxonomist's head?

Taxonomy - ‘Every plant is a measure of the conditions under which it grows’ - Presence/absence of a species • Environmental variables have not exceeded tolerance ranges • Plant has made net growth • Ecologically competitive BUT What is a species? A taxonomic abstraction?? Any reality outside a taxonomist’s head?

Plant genetics manifests in the landscape in varlous ways 1. Taxonomic classification 2. Age structure height sIze diameter 3. Productivity(Biomass) 4. Growth forms 5. Physiognomy and phenology 6. Life history/regeneration strategies

Plant genetics manifests in the landscape in various ways: 1. Taxonomic classification 2. Age structure size 3. Productivity (Biomass) 4. Growth forms 5. Physiognomy and phenology 6. Life history/regeneration strategies height diameter

A continuum of genetic diversity FamilyGenusSpeciesPopulationsIndividuals Assume that all members of all populations of a species share same environmental response (niche-potential/realized; climatic domain) Assumption valid in terms of species closed gene pool Assumption invalid if there are significant local adaptations

• A continuum of genetic diversity: ...Family Genus Species Populations Individuals - Assume that all members of all populations of a species share same environmental response (niche-potential/realized; climatic domain) - Assumption valid in terms of species = closed gene pool - Assumption invalid if there are significant local adaptations

Species X. Population A wet cool natural frost local climate selection resistance adaptation Population 'B moderate climate Population ' C' hot dry natural droug ht local climate selection resistance adaptation A, B and c are still members of the same species BUT'C cannot grow in landscapes where 'A' can (local adaptation has occurred, but no barriers to reproduction

Species ‘X’: Population ‘A’ wet cool natural frost local climate selection resistance adaptation Population ‘B’ moderate climate Population ‘C’ hot dry natural drought local climate selection resistance adaptation - A, B and C are still members of the same species, BUT ‘C’ cannot grow in landscapes where ‘A’ can (local adaptation has occurred, but no barriers to reproduction)

Taxonomic(presence vs)abundance/dominance Plot a 10m Plot B Plot c oes dominancelabundance optimum conditions? les pecies 'X is present at all 3 plots, but dominance var

Taxonomic (presence vs) abundance/dominance - Species ‘X’ is present at all 3 plots, but dominance varies - Does dominance/abundance = optimum conditions? 20m 10m Plot A Plot B Plot C

Flowchart for climate Interpolation SPLIN Input climate runSPLINH+ SPLIN SHO surface data files log file SPLIN files ESOCLIMGRASS environment knot file DEM run sElnot START GRASS environment → various GIS analyses eg display, overlay

Flowchart for Climate Interpolation Input climate data files runSPLIN knot file runSELNOT START SPLIN log file SHOW￾SPLIN SPLIN surface files run ESOCLIM GRASS environment GRASS environment various GIS analyses eg. display, overlay DEM

Flowchart for Bioclim Analysis run BIOCLIMGRIDH* bio file GRASS START run blOMAP environment various Gis Species pro file analysis location run BIOCLIM eg. raster file es SHOW bio file conversion BIOCLIM display Climate surfaces

Flowchart for Bioclim Analysis Species location files runBIOCLIM *.pro file *.bio file SHOW BIOCLIM START runBIOCLIMGRID *.bio file runBIOMAP GRASS environment various GIS analysis eg. raster conversion, display Climate surfaces