《航海学》课程参考文献（地文资料）CHAPTER 04 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

CHAPTER 4NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONSINTRODUCTION400.DefinitionsnavigatehisshipsafelyThenavigator uses many information sources when401.TypesAnd SourcesOf Publicationsplanning and conducting a voyage.These sources includenotices to mariners,sailing directions, lightlists,tide tables.While voyage planning and navigating,a mariner mustsight reduction tables, and almanacs. Historically, this in-refertobothtextsandtables.Examplesoftext includesail-formationhasbeenfoundinprintedpublicationsing directions, coast pilots, and notices to mariners.increasingly,it is being integrated into computer-basedExamples of tables include light lists and sight reductionelectronicsystems.Thenavigator mustknowwhatinfor-tables.mation he needs to navigate his ship safely and how toNavigational publications areavailable from manyobtain it.sources.Military customers automatically receive or requi-This chapter will refer onlytoprintedpublications.Ifsition most required publications. The civilian navigatorthe navigator has access to this data on an electronic data-obtains his publications from a publisher's agent.Largerbase,onlyhis method ofaccesswill differ.The publicationsagents representing many publishers can completely supplydiscussedhereformabasic navigation library,the naviga-tormustalsoobtain all supplementarymaterialsrequiredtoa ship's chart and publication libraryNAUTICALTEXTS402. Sailing DirectionsA Planning Guide's first chapter contains informationabout the countries adjacentto the applicableocean basin.Italso coverspratique,pilotage,signals,and shippingregDefense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographiculations.Search and Rescue topics include the location ofCenter SailingDirections consist of 37Enroutes and 10all lifesaving stations.Planning Guides.Planning Guides describe general fea-The second chapter contains information on the physi-tures of ocean basins, Enroutes describe features ofcoastlines,ports,and harbors.cal environment of an ocean basin. It consists of OceanSailing Directions are updated when new data requiresSummariesand descriptions of local coastal phenomenaextensive revision of an existing text. These data are ob-This gives the mariner meteorological and oceanographicinformationtobeconsidered inplanninga route.tained from several sources, including pilots and foreignSailing Directions.The third chapter lists foreign firing dangerareas notOnebookcomprisesthePlanningGuideandEnrouteshown in other DMAHTC publications.Agraphic keyidentifies Submarine Operating Areas.This chapter alsoforAntarctica.This consolidation allows fora more effec-identifies publications listing danger areas and gives perti-tivepresentation ofmaterial on this uniqueareanent navigation cautions.ThePlanningGuides arerelativelypermanent,by con-The fourth chapter describes recommended steamshiptrast,SailingDirections (Enroute)arefrequently updated.Between updates, both are corrected by the Notice toroutes.Tofacilitateplanning,thepublication shows entireroutestoforeignportsoriginatingfromallmajorU.S.portsMariners.This chapteralso includesallapplicableTraffic SeparationSchemes.403.Sailing Directions (Planning Guide)Thefifth and final chapter describes available radi-onavigation systems and the area's system of lights,Planning Guidesassistthe navigator in planning anex-beacons, and buoys.tensive oceanic voyage. Each of the Guides covers an areadetermined by an arbitrary division of the world's seas intoAppendices contain information on buoyage systems,eight“ocean basins."This division is shown in Figure 403.routecharts, andareameteorological conditions.51

51 CHAPTER 4 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION 400. Definitions The navigator uses many information sources when planning and conducting a voyage. These sources include notices to mariners, sailing directions, light lists, tide tables, sight reduction tables, and almanacs. Historically, this in￾formation has been found in printed publications; increasingly, it is being integrated into computer-based electronic systems. The navigator must know what infor￾mation he needs to navigate his ship safely and how to obtain it. This chapter will refer only to printed publications. If the navigator has access to this data on an electronic data￾base, only his method of access will differ. The publications discussed here form a basic navigation library; the naviga￾tor must also obtain all supplementary materials required to navigate his ship safely. 401. Types And Sources Of Publications While voyage planning and navigating, a mariner must refer to both texts and tables. Examples of text include sail￾ing directions, coast pilots, and notices to mariners. Examples of tables include light lists and sight reduction tables. Navigational publications are available from many sources. Military customers automatically receive or requi￾sition most required publications. The civilian navigator obtains his publications from a publisher’s agent. Larger agents representing many publishers can completely supply a ship’s chart and publication library. NAUTICAL TEXTS 402. Sailing Directions Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Sailing Directions consist of 37 Enroutes and 10 Planning Guides. Planning Guides describe general fea￾tures of ocean basins; Enroutes describe features of coastlines, ports, and harbors. Sailing Directions are updated when new data requires extensive revision of an existing text. These data are ob￾tained from several sources, including pilots and foreign Sailing Directions. One book comprises the Planning Guide and Enroute for Antarctica. This consolidation allows for a more effec￾tive presentation of material on this unique area. The Planning Guides are relatively permanent; by con￾trast, Sailing Directions (Enroute) are frequently updated. Between updates, both are corrected by the Notice to Mariners. 403. Sailing Directions (Planning Guide) Planning Guides assist the navigator in planning an ex￾tensive oceanic voyage. Each of the Guides covers an area determined by an arbitrary division of the world’s seas into eight “ocean basins.” This division is shown in Figure 403. A Planning Guide’s first chapter contains information about the countries adjacent to the applicable ocean basin. It also covers pratique, pilotage, signals, and shipping reg￾ulations. Search and Rescue topics include the location of all lifesaving stations. The second chapter contains information on the physi￾cal environment of an ocean basin. It consists of Ocean Summaries and descriptions of local coastal phenomena. This gives the mariner meteorological and oceanographic information to be considered in planning a route. The third chapter lists foreign firing danger areas not shown in other DMAHTC publications. A graphic key identifies Submarine Operating Areas. This chapter also identifies publications listing danger areas and gives perti￾nent navigation cautions. The fourth chapter describes recommended steamship routes. To facilitate planning, the publication shows entire routes to foreign ports originating from all major U.S. ports. This chapter also includes all applicable Traffic Separation Schemes. The fifth and final chapter describes available radi￾onavigation systems and the area’s system of lights, beacons, and buoys. Appendices contain information on buoyage systems, route charts, and area meteorological conditions

52NAUTICALPUBLICATIONSORIHSEBALTICSEACEAANORTHATLANTICOCEANSIAN WAERSEAOTFigure403.The8 oceanbasins as organized for SailingDirections (PlanningGuides)404.SailingDirections (Enroute)405.CoastPilotsTheNational Ocean Service publishes nine UnitedEachvolumeoftheSailingDirections(Enroute)con-StatesCoast Pilots to supplement nautical charts of U.Stains numbered sections along a coast or through a strait.waters.Informationcomes fromfield inspections,surveyFigure 404a illustrates this division.Each sector is dis-vessels, and various harbor authorities.Maritime officialscussedinturn.Aprefacewithdetailed informationaboutand pilotage associationsprovide additional informationauthorities,references,and conventions used in eachbookCoastPilotsprovidemoredetailed informationthanSailingprecedes the sector discussions.Finally, each book pro-Directions because Sailing Directions are intended exclu-vides conversionsbetweenfeet, fathoms, andmeters.sively for the oceangoing mariner. The Notice to MarinersThe Chart Information Graphic,thefirst item in eachupdatesCoastPilotschapter, is a graphic key for charts pertaining to a sector.Each volume contains comprehensive sections on localSee Figure 404b.The graduation of the border scale of theoperationalconsiderationsandnavigationregulations.Followchartletenables navigatorsto identifythelargestscalechartingchapterscontaindetaileddiscussionsofcoastal navigationfor a location and to find a feature listed in the Index-Gaz-An appendix provides information on obtaining additionalweatherinformation.communicationsservices,andotherda-etteer. These graphics are not maintained by Notice tota. An index and additional tables complete the volume.Mariners,one should refer to the chart catalogfor updatedchart listings.Other graphics may contain special information on lo-406.OtherNautical Textscal winds and weather, anchorages, significant coastalfeatures, and navigation dangers.The government publishes several other nautical texts.A foreign terms glossary,an appendix of anchorages,TheDefenseMappingAgency,forexample,publishestheand a comprehensive Index-Gazetteerfollowthesectordis-ManeuveringBoard Manual (Pub.217),TheRadar Navi-cussions.TheIndex-Gazetteeris an alphabetical listingofgation Manual (Pub.1310)and theAmerican Practicaldescribed and charted features.The Index lists each featureNavigator (Pub.9),bygeographiccoordinatesandsectornumberforusewithThe U.S.Coast Guard publishes navigation rules forthe graphic key.Featuresmentioned in the text are listed byinternational and inlandwaters.Thispublication,officiallyknownasCommandantInstructionM16672.2b,containspage number

52 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 404. Sailing Directions (Enroute) Each volume of the Sailing Directions (Enroute) con￾tains numbered sections along a coast or through a strait. Figure 404a illustrates this division. Each sector is dis￾cussed in turn. A preface with detailed information about authorities, references, and conventions used in each book precedes the sector discussions. Finally, each book pro￾vides conversions between feet, fathoms, and meters. The Chart Information Graphic, the first item in each chapter, is a graphic key for charts pertaining to a sector. See Figure 404b. The graduation of the border scale of the chartlet enables navigators to identify the largest scale chart for a location and to find a feature listed in the Index-Gaz￾etteer. These graphics are not maintained by Notice to Mariners; one should refer to the chart catalog for updated chart listings. Other graphics may contain special information on lo￾cal winds and weather, anchorages, significant coastal features, and navigation dangers. A foreign terms glossary, an appendix of anchorages, and a comprehensive Index-Gazetteer follow the sector dis￾cussions. The Index-Gazetteer is an alphabetical listing of described and charted features. The Index lists each feature by geographic coordinates and sector number for use with the graphic key. Features mentioned in the text are listed by page number. 405. Coast Pilots The National Ocean Service publishes nine United States Coast Pilots to supplement nautical charts of U.S. waters. Information comes from field inspections, survey vessels, and various harbor authorities. Maritime officials and pilotage associations provide additional information. Coast Pilots provide more detailed information than Sailing Directions because Sailing Directions are intended exclu￾sively for the oceangoing mariner. The Notice to Mariners updates Coast Pilots. Each volume contains comprehensive sections on local operational considerations and navigation regulations. Follow￾ing chapters contain detailed discussions of coastal navigation. An appendix provides information on obtaining additional weather information, communications services, and other da￾ta. An index and additional tables complete the volume. 406. Other Nautical Texts The government publishes several other nautical texts. The Defense Mapping Agency, for example, publishes the Maneuvering Board Manual (Pub. 217), The Radar Navi￾gation Manual (Pub.1310) and the American Practical Navigator (Pub. 9). The U.S. Coast Guard publishes navigation rules for international and inland waters. This publication, officially known as Commandant Instruction M16672.2b, contains Figure 403. The 8 ocean basins as organized for Sailing Directions (Planning Guides)

53NAUTICALPUBLICATIONSCieilta2CHANNELS0FRANCEFigure404a.SectorLimitsgraphic.ENGLANDTTELISanENGLISHCHANNELAdditional chart coverage may be found in CATP2 Catalog of Nautical Charts.Figure404b.ChartInformationgraphic

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 53 Figure 404a. Sector Limits graphic. Additional chart coverage may be found in CATP2 Catalog of Nautical Charts. Figure 404b. Chart Information graphic

54NAUTICALPUBLICATIONStheInlandNavigationRulesenactedinDecember1980andvisions of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)relatingeffectiveonall inlandwatersof theUnited States includingto maritime matters. A number of private publishers alsotheGreatLakes,aswellastheInternationalRegulationsforprovide maritime publications.the Prevention of Collisions at Sea,enacted in1972(1972TheInternationalMaritimeOrganization,InternationalCOLREGS).Mariners shouldensurethat theyhavetheup-Hydrographic Organization, and other governing interna-datedissue.TheCoast Guard alsopublishes comprehensivetional organizations provide information on internationaluser'smanualsfortheOmega,Loran,andGPS navigationnavigation regulations. Chapter 1 gives these organiza-systemsNavigationandVesselInspectionCirculars,andtionsaddresses.Regulations for various Vessel TraffictheChemicalDataGuideforBulkShipmentbyWaterServices (VTS),canals, lock systems,and other regulatedTheGovernmentPrintingOfficeprovidesseveral pub-waterways arepublished bythe authoritieswhich operatelications on navigation, safety at sea, communicationsweather,and related topics.Additionally,itpublishes pro-them.USINGTHELIGHTLISTS407. Light Listsearly,an observer located below the light's visible horizoncannot see it.The Distance to the Horizon table gives theTheUnited States publishes two different light listsdistance to the horizon for various heights of eye.The lightThe U.S.Coast Guard publishes the Light List for lights inlists contain a condensed versionofthistable.Abnormal re-U.S.territorial waters,DMAHTCpublishestheListoffraction patterns mightchangethis range,therefore,oneLights for lights in foreign waters.cannot exactly predict the range at which a light will beseen.Light lists furnishcomplete information about naviga-tion lights and other navigation aids. They supplement,but408.DeterminingRangeAnd Bearing OfALightAtInitial Sightingdo not replace, charts and sailing directions. Consult thechartfor thelocation and light characteristics of all navigation aids; consult the light lists to determine their detailedA light's luminous range is the maximum range atdescription.which an observer can see a light under existing visibilityconditions.This luminous range ignores the elevation oftheTheNoticetoMariners correctsbothlists.Correctionswhichhaveaccumulated since theprintdateare included in thelightthe observer's height of evethe curvature of theNoticetoMariners asa Summaryof Corrections.All oftheseearth,and interference from background lighting.It is de-summarycorrections,and any correctionspublished subsetermined from theknown nominal rangeand theexistingquently,should benoted inthe“RecordofCorrections."visibility conditions.Thenominal range is themaximumdistance at which a light can be seen in weather conditionsAnavigatorneedstoknowboth the identity ofa lightand when he can expect to see it, he often plans the ship'swherevisibilityis10nautical milesThe U.S. Coast Guard Light List usually lists a light'strack to pass within a light's range.If lights are not sightedwhenpredicted,thevesselmaybesignificantlyoffcoursenominalrange.UsetheLuminousRangeDiagramshowninandstandingintodangerthe Light List and Figure 408a to convert this nominal rangeA circle with a radius equal to the visible range of theto luminous range.Remember that the luminous ranges ob-light usually defines the area in which a light can be seen.tained are approximate because of atmospheric orOn somebearings,however,obstructionsmayreducethebackgroundlightingconditions.EstimatethemeteorologicalvisibilitybytheMeteorological OpticalRangeTable,Figurerange.In this case,the obstructed arc might differ withheightof eye and distance.Also, lights of different colors408b.Next,entertheLuminousRangeDiagramwiththemaybeseenatdifferentdistances.Considerthesefactsbothnominal rangeon thehorizontalnominal rangescale.Followwhen identifying a light and predicting the range at whicha vertical line until it intersects the curve or reaches the reitcanbeseen.gion on the diagram representing the meteorologicalAtmospheric conditions have a major effect on avisibilityFinally,followa horizontal linefromthis point orlight's range. Fog, haze, dust, smoke, or precipitation canregionuntil it intersectsthevertical luminous range scaleobscure a light.Additionally,a light can be extinguished.Example I: The nominal range of a light as extractedAlways report an extinguished light somaritimeauthoritiescan issueawarning.fromtheLight List is 15nautical miles.On a dark, clear night, the visual range is limited by ei-Required: The luminous range when the meteorologi-ther:(1)luminous intensity,or(2)curvature of theearth.cal visibility is (l)1l nautical miles and (2)1Regardless of the height ofeye,one cannot seea weak lightnautical mile.Solution: To find the luminous range when the meteo-beyond a certain luminous range.Assuming lighttravels lin-

54 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS the Inland Navigation Rules enacted in December 1980 and effective on all inland waters of the United States including the Great Lakes, as well as the International Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea, enacted in 1972 (1972 COLREGS). Mariners should ensure that they have the up￾dated issue. The Coast Guard also publishes comprehensive user’s manuals for the Omega, Loran, and GPS navigation systems; Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circulars; and the Chemical Data Guide for Bulk Shipment by Water. The Government Printing Office provides several pub￾lications on navigation, safety at sea, communications, weather, and related topics. Additionally, it publishes pro￾visions of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) relating to maritime matters. A number of private publishers also provide maritime publications. The International Maritime Organization, International Hydrographic Organization, and other governing interna￾tional organizations provide information on international navigation regulations. Chapter 1 gives these organiza￾tions’ addresses. Regulations for various Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), canals, lock systems, and other regulated waterways are published by the authorities which operate them. USING THE LIGHT LISTS 407. Light Lists The United States publishes two different light lists. The U.S. Coast Guard publishes the Light List for lights in U.S. territorial waters; DMAHTC publishes the List of Lights for lights in foreign waters. Light lists furnish complete information about naviga￾tion lights and other navigation aids. They supplement, but do not replace, charts and sailing directions. Consult the chart for the location and light characteristics of all naviga￾tion aids; consult the light lists to determine their detailed description. The Notice to Mariners corrects both lists. Corrections which have accumulated since the print date are included in the Notice to Mariners as a Summary of Corrections. All of these summary corrections, and any corrections published subse￾quently, should be noted in the “Record of Corrections.” A navigator needs to know both the identity of a light and when he can expect to see it; he often plans the ship’s track to pass within a light’s range. If lights are not sighted when predicted, the vessel may be significantly off course and standing into danger. A circle with a radius equal to the visible range of the light usually defines the area in which a light can be seen. On some bearings, however, obstructions may reduce the range. In this case, the obstructed arc might differ with height of eye and distance. Also, lights of different colors may be seen at different distances. Consider these facts both when identifying a light and predicting the range at which it can be seen. Atmospheric conditions have a major effect on a light’s range. Fog, haze, dust, smoke, or precipitation can obscure a light. Additionally, a light can be extinguished. Always report an extinguished light so maritime authorities can issue a warning. On a dark, clear night, the visual range is limited by ei￾ther: (1) luminous intensity, or (2) curvature of the earth. Regardless of the height of eye, one cannot see a weak light beyond a certain luminous range. Assuming light travels lin￾early, an observer located below the light’s visible horizon cannot see it. The Distance to the Horizon table gives the distance to the horizon for various heights of eye. The light lists contain a condensed version of this table. Abnormal re￾fraction patterns might change this range; therefore, one cannot exactly predict the range at which a light will be seen. 408. Determining Range And Bearing Of A Light At Initial Sighting A light’s luminous range is the maximum range at which an observer can see a light under existing visibility conditions. This luminous range ignores the elevation of the light, the observer’s height of eye, the curvature of the earth, and interference from background lighting. It is de￾termined from the known nominal range and the existing visibility conditions. The nominal range is the maximum distance at which a light can be seen in weather conditions where visibility is 10 nautical miles. The U.S. Coast Guard Light List usually lists a light’s nominal range. Use the Luminous Range Diagram shown in the Light List and Figure 408a to convert this nominal range to luminous range. Remember that the luminous ranges ob￾tained are approximate because of atmospheric or background lighting conditions. Estimate the meteorological visibility by the Meteorological Optical Range Table, Figure 408b. Next, enter the Luminous Range Diagram with the nominal range on the horizontal nominal range scale. Follow a vertical line until it intersects the curve or reaches the re￾gion on the diagram representing the meteorological visibility. Finally, follow a horizontal line from this point or region until it intersects the vertical luminous range scale. Example 1: The nominal range of a light as extracted from the Light List is 15 nautical miles. Required: The luminous range when the meteorologi￾cal visibility is (1) 11 nautical miles and (2) 1 nautical mile. Solution: To find the luminous range when the meteo-

55NAUTICALPUBLICATIONSLUMINOUSRANGE-nauticalmiles(This range maybe reduced by the glareof other lights)2000800NaSTETEOROLNOnNAL RANE.MTEa I8LpeCAVauoAG?26L?酒4o9mntoamll355L600.10.20.30.620.8N4a000b0Figure 408a.LuminousRangeDiagram.rological visibility is Il nautical miles,enter theto the horizon based on its height to calculate a light's geo-Luminous Range Diagram with nominal range15graphic range. See Figure 408c. This illustration uses a lightnautical miles on the horizontal nominal range150feet above thewater.Table12,Distance oftheHorizon,scale;follow a vertical line upward until it interyields a value of 14.3 nautical miles for a height of 150 feet.sects the curve on the diagram representing aWithin this range, the light, if powerful enough and atmometeorological visibility of Il nautical milesspheric conditions permit, is visible regardless of the height offromthis pointfollowahorizontal linetotherighteyeofthe observer.Beyond 14.3 nautical miles,the geograph-until it intersects thevertical luminous range scaleic range depends upon the observer's height of eye. Thus, byat 16 nautical miles. A similar procedure is fol-theDistanceoftheHorizontablementioned above,anobserv-lowed to find the luminous range when theer with height of eye of 5 feet can see the light on his horizonmeteorologicalvisibilityisInauticalmileif he is 2.6 miles beyond the horizon of the light.The geo-Answers:(1)16nautical miles;(2)3nautical milesgraphic range of the light is therefore 16.9 miles. For a heightof 30 feet the distance is 14.3+6.4 =20.7miles.If the heightof eye is 70 feet, the geographic range is 14.3 + 9.8 = 24.1A light's geographic range depends upon the height ofboththe lightand the observer.Sumthe observer's distancetomiles.Aheightofeveof15feetisoftenassumedwhentabu-the horizonbased on hisheight of eye and the light's distancelating lights'geographic ranges

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 55 rological visibility is 11 nautical miles, enter the Luminous Range Diagram with nominal range 15 nautical miles on the horizontal nominal range scale; follow a vertical line upward until it inter￾sects the curve on the diagram representing a meteorological visibility of 11 nautical miles; from this point follow a horizontal line to the right until it intersects the vertical luminous range scale at 16 nautical miles. A similar procedure is fol￾lowed to find the luminous range when the meteorological visibility is 1 nautical mile. Answers: (1) 16 nautical miles; (2) 3 nautical miles. A light’s geographic range depends upon the height of both the light and the observer. Sum the observer’s distance to the horizon based on his height of eye and the light’s distance to the horizon based on its height to calculate a light’s geo￾graphic range. See Figure 408c. This illustration uses a light 150 feet above the water. Table 12, Distance of the Horizon, yields a value of 14.3 nautical miles for a height of 150 feet. Within this range, the light, if powerful enough and atmo￾spheric conditions permit, is visible regardless of the height of eye of the observer. Beyond 14.3 nautical miles, the geograph￾ic range depends upon the observer’s height of eye. Thus, by the Distance of the Horizon table mentioned above, an observ￾er with height of eye of 5 feet can see the light on his horizon if he is 2.6 miles beyond the horizon of the light. The geo￾graphic range of the light is therefore 16.9 miles. For a height of 30 feet the distance is 14.3 + 6.4 = 20.7 miles. If the height of eye is 70 feet, the geographic range is 14.3 + 9.8 = 24.1 miles. A height of eye of 15 feet is often assumed when tabu￾lating lights’ geographic ranges. Figure 408a. Luminous Range Diagram

56NAUTICALPUBLICATIONSlight and with a radius equal to the lesser ofthe geographic orluminous ranges. Extend the vessel's track until it intersectsthe visibility arc.The bearingfrom the intersection point to theCodeYardsNo.light is the light's predicted bearing at first sighting.Iftheextended trackcrosses thevisibilityarc ata smallWeatherangle,a small lateral track error may result in large bearing0Dense fogLess than 50and timeprediction errors.This is particularly apparent if1Thick fog.50-200thevessel is fartherfrom the lightthan predicted;thevesselmay pass the light without sighting it. However, not sight-2Moderate fog.200-500ing a light when predicted does not always indicate the3Light fog.500-1000vessel is farther from the light than expected. It could alsoNautical Milesmean that atmospheric conditions are affectingvisibility..1/2-14Thin fogExample2:The nominal rangeofanavigational light5Haze...1-2120feetabove thechartdatum is20 nautical2-51/26Light Hazemiles.The meteorological visibility is 27nauticalmiles.5 1/2-117ClearRequired:The distance at which an observer at aVeryClear11.0-27.0.8height of eye of 50 feet can expect to see the light.Over27.0ExceptionallyClearSolution:The maximum rangeatwhichthe light maybeseen isthelesserofthe luminous orgeographicFrom the International Visibility Code.ranges.At120 feetthedistancetothehorizon,byFigure408b.MeteorlogicalOpticalRangeTabletableor formula,is12.8miles.Add 8.3miles,thedistance tothe horizonforaheightofeye of 50feetto determine thegeographicrange.Thegeograph-Topredict thebearing andrangeat whicha vessel will ini-ic range,21.1 miles,is less than theluminoustially sight a light first determine the light's geographic rangerange, 40miles.Compare thegeographic range with the light's luminousAnswer:2l nautical miles.Because ofvarious uncer-range.The lesser of the two ranges is the range at which thetainties,the range is rounded off to the nearestwhole mile.light will first be sighted. Plot a visibility arc centered on theFigure408c.Geographic Range of a light

56 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS To predict the bearing and range at which a vessel will ini￾tially sight a light first determine the light’s geographic range. Compare the geographic range with the light’s luminous range. The lesser of the two ranges is the range at which the light will first be sighted. Plot a visibility arc centered on the light and with a radius equal to the lesser of the geographic or luminous ranges. Extend the vessel’s track until it intersects the visibility arc. The bearing from the intersection point to the light is the light’s predicted bearing at first sighting. If the extended track crosses the visibility arc at a small angle, a small lateral track error may result in large bearing and time prediction errors. This is particularly apparent if the vessel is farther from the light than predicted; the vessel may pass the light without sighting it. However, not sight￾ing a light when predicted does not always indicate the vessel is farther from the light than expected. It could also mean that atmospheric conditions are affecting visibility. Example 2: The nominal range of a navigational light 120 feet above the chart datum is 20 nautical miles. The meteorological visibility is 27 nautical miles. Required: The distance at which an observer at a height of eye of 50 feet can expect to see the light. Solution: The maximum range at which the light may be seen is the lesser of the luminous or geographic ranges. At 120 feet the distance to the horizon, by table or formula, is 12.8 miles. Add 8.3 miles, the distance to the horizon for a height of eye of 50 feet to determine the geographic range. The geograph￾ic range, 21.1 miles, is less than the luminous range, 40 miles. Answer: 21 nautical miles. Because of various uncer￾tainties, the range is rounded off to the nearest whole mile. Code No. Yards Weather 0 Dense fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Less than 50 1 Thick fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50-200 2 Moderate fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200-500 3 Light fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500-1000 Nautical Miles 4 Thin fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2-1 5 Haze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 6 Light Haze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 1/2 7 Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1/2-11 8 Very Clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0-27.0. 9 Exceptionally Clear . . . . . . . . . . . Over 27.0 From the International Visibility Code. Figure 408b. Meteorlogical Optical Range Table Figure 408c. Geographic Range of a light

57NAUTICALPUBLICATIONSWhen first sighting a light, an observer can determinelight and the meteorological visibilityif it ison thehorizon by immediatelyreducinghis heightofeye.Ifthelightdisappearsand thenreappears when theob-409.USCGLight Listsserver returns to his original height, the light is on thehorizon.This process is called bobbing a light.The U.S.Coast Guard Light List (7 volumes)gives in-formation on lighted navigation aids, unlighted buoys,If a vessel has considerable vertical motion due torough seas, a light sighted on the horizon may alternatelyradiobeacons,radio directionfinder calibration stations,dayappear and disappear.Wavetops mayalsoobstruct thelightbeacons,racons,and Loranstations.Each volumeofthe Light List contains aids tonavigationperiodically.This may cause the characteristic to appeardifferent than expected.The light's true characteristics caningeographic orderfrom northto south along theAtlanticbe observed either byclosing the range tothelightor bythecoast,fromeasttowestalongtheGulfcoast,andfrom southobserver's increasing his height of eye.tonorthalongthePacificcoast.Itlistsseacoastaidsfirst,folIfa light's rangegiven in a foreign publication approxlowed by entranceand harbor aids listed from seawardimates the light's geographic rangefor a 15-foot observer'sIntracoastal Waterwayaidsarelistedlastingeographic orderheight of eye, assume that the printed range is the light'sin thedirectionfromNew JerseytoFlorida totheTexas/Mexicoborder.geographic range.Also assume thatpublication has listedThe listings are preceded by a description of the aids tothe lesser of thegeographic and nominal ranges.Therefore,ifthe light'slistedrange approximatesthegeographicrangenavigation system in the United States, luminous range dia-for an observer witha height ofeye of 15feet, then assumegram,geographicrangetables,andother informationthat the light's limiting range is the geographic range.Then.calculate the light's true geographic range using the actual410.DMAHTC List of Lights,RadioAids, andFogobserver's heightof eye, not the assumed height ofeye ofSignals15 feet.This calculated true geographic range is the rangeat which the light will first be sighted.The Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topo-graphicCenterpublishestheListofLights,RadioAids,andExample3:The rangeofa light as printed on a foreignFog Signals (usually referred to as the List of Lights,nottochart is 17miles.The light is120 feetabove chart da-beconfused with the Coast Guard's Light List).In additiontum.The meteorological visibilityis10nautical miles.to information on lighted aids to navigation and sound sig-Required: The distance at which an observer at anals in foreign waters, theDMAHTCList of Lightsheightofeyeof 50feetcanexpecttoseethelightprovides information on storm signals,signal stations,ra-Solution: Calculate the geographic range of the lightcons.radiobeacons,andradiodirectionfindercalibrationassuming a I5foot observer'sheight of eye.Atstations located at or near lights.For more details on radionavigational aids, consult Pub. 117, Radio Navigational120feetthedistancetothehorizonis12.8milesAids.Add 4.5 miles (the distance to thehorizon at aheight of 15 feet)to 12.8 miles; this range is 17.3TheDMAHTC Listof Lights does not include informa-miles. This approximates the range listed on thetion on lighted buoys inside harbors. It does include certainchart.Then assuming that the charted range is theaeronautical lights situated near the coast:however,theselights are not designed for marine navigation and are sub-geographic rangefora 15-footobserver height ofeye and that the nominal range is the greater thanjectto unreported changes.this chartedrange,thepredicted rangeisfoundbyForeign notices tomariners are the main correctional in-calculating the true geographic range with a 50formation source for the DMAHTC Lists of Lights, otherfoot height of eye forthe observer.sources, such as ship reports, are also used. Many aids to nav-Answer:Thepredicted range=12.8mi.+8.3mi.igation in less developed countries may not bewell21.1 mi.. The distance in excess of the chartedmaintained. They are subject to damage by storms and vandal-rangedepends on the luminous intensity of theism,and repairs may bedelayedfor long periods.MISCELLANEOUSNAUTICALPUBLICATIONS411.DMAHTCRadioNavigationalAids(Pub.117)communications,medical advicevia radio,long-rangenav-igationaids,theAMVER system,and interimproceduresThispublication isa selected list of worldwideradiofor U.S. vessels in the event of an outbreak of hostilities.stations which perform services to the mariner.Topics cov-Pub.117 is corrected via theNotice to Mariners and is up-ered includeradio direction finder andradar stations,radiodated periodically withanew edition.ThoughPub.117 is essentiallya list of radio stationstime signals,radionavigation warnings,distress and safety

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 57 When first sighting a light, an observer can determine if it is on the horizon by immediately reducing his height of eye. If the light disappears and then reappears when the ob￾server returns to his original height, the light is on the horizon. This process is called bobbing a light. If a vessel has considerable vertical motion due to rough seas, a light sighted on the horizon may alternately appear and disappear. Wave tops may also obstruct the light periodically. This may cause the characteristic to appear different than expected. The light’s true characteristics can be observed either by closing the range to the light or by the observer’s increasing his height of eye. If a light’s range given in a foreign publication approx￾imates the light’s geographic range for a 15-foot observer’s height of eye, assume that the printed range is the light’s geographic range. Also assume that publication has listed the lesser of the geographic and nominal ranges. Therefore, if the light’s listed range approximates the geographic range for an observer with a height of eye of 15 feet, then assume that the light’s limiting range is the geographic range. Then, calculate the light’s true geographic range using the actual observer’s height of eye, not the assumed height of eye of 15 feet. This calculated true geographic range is the range at which the light will first be sighted. Example 3: The range of a light as printed on a foreign chart is 17 miles. The light is 120 feet above chart da￾tum. The meteorological visibility is 10 nautical miles. Required: The distance at which an observer at a height of eye of 50 feet can expect to see the light. Solution: Calculate the geographic range of the light assuming a 15 foot observer’s height of eye. At 120 feet the distance to the horizon is 12.8 miles. Add 4.5 miles (the distance to the horizon at a height of 15 feet) to 12.8 miles; this range is 17.3 miles. This approximates the range listed on the chart. Then assuming that the charted range is the geographic range for a 15-foot observer height of eye and that the nominal range is the greater than this charted range, the predicted range is found by calculating the true geographic range with a 50 foot height of eye for the observer. Answer: The predicted range = 12.8 mi. + 8.3 mi. = 21.1 mi. The distance in excess of the charted range depends on the luminous intensity of the light and the meteorological visibility. 409. USCG Light Lists The U.S. Coast Guard Light List (7 volumes) gives in￾formation on lighted navigation aids, unlighted buoys, radiobeacons, radio direction finder calibration stations, day￾beacons, racons, and Loran stations. Each volume of the Light List contains aids to navigation in geographic order from north to south along the Atlantic coast, from east to west along the Gulf coast, and from south to north along the Pacific coast. It lists seacoast aids first, fol￾lowed by entrance and harbor aids listed from seaward. Intracoastal Waterway aids are listed last in geographic order in the direction from New Jersey to Florida to the Texas/ Mexico border. The listings are preceded by a description of the aids to navigation system in the United States, luminous range dia￾gram, geographic range tables, and other information. 410. DMAHTC List of Lights, Radio Aids, and Fog Signals The Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topo￾graphic Center publishes the List of Lights, Radio Aids, and Fog Signals (usually referred to as the List of Lights, not to be confused with the Coast Guard’s Light List). In addition to information on lighted aids to navigation and sound sig￾nals in foreign waters, the DMAHTC List of Lights provides information on storm signals, signal stations, ra￾cons, radiobeacons, and radio direction finder calibration stations located at or near lights. For more details on radio navigational aids, consult Pub. 117, Radio Navigational Aids. The DMAHTC List of Lights does not include informa￾tion on lighted buoys inside harbors. It does include certain aeronautical lights situated near the coast; however, these lights are not designed for marine navigation and are sub￾ject to unreported changes. Foreign notices to mariners are the main correctional in￾formation source for the DMAHTC Lists of Lights; other sources, such as ship reports, are also used. Many aids to nav￾igation in less developed countries may not be well maintained. They are subject to damage by storms and vandal￾ism, and repairs may be delayed for long periods. MISCELLANEOUS NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 411. DMAHTC Radio Navigational Aids (Pub. 117) This publication is a selected list of worldwide radio stations which perform services to the mariner. Topics cov￾ered include radio direction finder and radar stations, radio time signals, radio navigation warnings, distress and safety communications, medical advice via radio, long-range nav￾igation aids, the AMVER system, and interim procedures for U.S. vessels in the event of an outbreak of hostilities. Pub. 117 is corrected via the Notice to Mariners and is up￾dated periodically with a new edition. Though Pub. 117 is essentially a list of radio stations

58NAUTICALPUBLICATIONSproviding vital maritime communication and navigationpublicationbecameeffectivein1969.services,italsocontainsinformationwhichexplainstheca-Accordingto this code, each signal has a unique andpabilities and limitations of the various systems.completemeaning.ThesignalscanbetransmittedviaMorselight and sound, flag, radio-telegraphy and -telephony, andsemaphore.Sincethese methods of signaling are internation-412.Chart No.1ally recognized, differences in language between sender andreceiver are immaterial; the message will be understoodChart No.I is not actually a chart but a book contain-when decoded in the language of the receiver,regardless ofing akey to chart symbols.Most countries which producethe language of the sender.The Notice to Mariners correctscharts also produce such a list.The U.S.Chart No.I con-Pub. 102.tains a listing of chart symbols in four categories:416.Almanacs:Chartsymbolsused by theNational Ocean Service.Chart symbols used by the Defense MappingFor celestial sight reduction,the navigator needs an al-Agencymanac for ephemeris data The Nautical Almanac,: Chart symbols recommended by the Internationalproduced jointlybyH.M.NauticalAlmanac Office and theHydrographicOrganizationU.S.NavalObservatory,isthemostcommonalmanacused:Chart symbols used onforeign charts reproduced byforcelestial navigation.Italso contains information on sun-DMAHTCrise,sunset,moonrise,and moonset,as well as compactsight reduction tables.The Nautical Almanac is publishedSubjects covered includegeneral features of charts,to-annually,pography,hydrography,andaids tonavigation.Thereisalso a complete index of abbreviationsand an explanationThe Air Almanac contains slightlyless accurateoftheIALAbuoyagesystem.ephemeris datafor airnavigation.It can be usedfor marinenavigation if slightlyreduced accuracyis acceptable.413.DMAHTCWorldPortIndex(Pub.150)Chapter19providesmoredetailed information on us-ing the Nautical Almanac.TheWorldPortIndexcontainsatabular listingofthousands of ports throughout the world, describing their417. Sight Reduction Tableslocations,characteristics,facilities,and services availableInformation is arranged geographically, the index is ar-Without a calculator or computer programmed forranged alphabetically.sight reduction, the navigator needs sight reduction tablesCoded information is presented in columns and rows.to solve the celestial triangle.Two different sets of tablesThisinformation supplements information in the Sailingare commonly used at sea.Directions:Theapplicablevolume ofSailingDirectionsand the number of the harbor chart aregiven in theWorldSight Reduction Tables for MarineNavigation,Pub.PortIndex.TheNoticetoMarinerscorrectsthisbook229.consists of sixvolumes oftablesdesignedforusewiththeNautical Almanacfor solution ofthe celestial triangle414.DMAHTCDistancesBetweenPorts(Pub.151)by the Marc Saint Hilaire or intercept method.The tab-ular data are the solutions of the navigational triangle ofThis publication lists the distances between majorwhich two sides and the included angle are known and it isports.Reciprocal distancesbetweentwoports maydiffernecessarytofind the third side and adjacent angle.dueto differentroutes chosen because of currents and cli-Each volume ofPub.229 includes two8degree zones,matic conditions. To reduce the number of listingscomprising 15 degree bands from 0 to 90 degrees, with a 10needed, junction pointsalongmajor routes are used todegreeoverlap between volumes.Pub.229 is a jointpubli-consolidate routes converging from different directionscationproduced bytheDefenseMappingAgency,theU.SThis book can be most effectively used for voyageNavalObservatory,andtheRoyalGreenwichObservatoryplanning inconjunction with the proper volume(s)oftheSight Reduction Tablesfor AirNavigation,Pub.249,isSailing Directions (Planning Guide). It is corrected via thealso a joint production of the three organizations above.It isNoticeto Mariners.issuedinthreevolumes.VolumeIcontainsthevaluesofthealtitude and true azimuth of seven selected stars chosen to415.DMAHTC International Code Of Signals (Pub.102)provide, for any given position and time,thebest observa-This book lists the signals to be employed by vessels attions.Anewedition is issuedevery5yearsfortheupcomingastronomical epoch.Volumes2(0°to40°)and3(39°tosea to communicate a variety of information relating to89o) provide for sights of the sun, moon, and planets.safety,distress,medical,and operational information.This

58 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS providing vital maritime communication and navigation services, it also contains information which explains the ca￾pabilities and limitations of the various systems. 412. Chart No. 1 Chart No. 1 is not actually a chart but a book contain￾ing a key to chart symbols. Most countries which produce charts also produce such a list. The U.S. Chart No. 1 con￾tains a listing of chart symbols in four categories: • Chart symbols used by the National Ocean Service • Chart symbols used by the Defense Mapping Agency • Chart symbols recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization • Chart symbols used on foreign charts reproduced by DMAHTC Subjects covered include general features of charts, to￾pography, hydrography, and aids to navigation. There is also a complete index of abbreviations and an explanation of the IALA buoyage system. 413. DMAHTC World Port Index (Pub. 150) The World Port Index contains a tabular listing of thou￾sands of ports throughout the world, describing their locations, characteristics, facilities, and services available. Information is arranged geographically; the index is ar￾ranged alphabetically. Coded information is presented in columns and rows. This information supplements information in the Sailing Directions. The applicable volume of Sailing Directions and the number of the harbor chart are given in the World Port Index. The Notice to Mariners corrects this book. 414. DMAHTC Distances Between Ports (Pub. 151) This publication lists the distances between major ports. Reciprocal distances between two ports may differ due to different routes chosen because of currents and cli￾matic conditions. To reduce the number of listings needed, junction points along major routes are used to consolidate routes converging from different directions. This book can be most effectively used for voyage planning in conjunction with the proper volume(s) of the Sailing Directions (Planning Guide). It is corrected via the Notice to Mariners. 415. DMAHTC International Code Of Signals (Pub. 102) This book lists the signals to be employed by vessels at sea to communicate a variety of information relating to safety, distress, medical, and operational information. This publication became effective in 1969. According to this code, each signal has a unique and complete meaning. The signals can be transmitted via Morse light and sound, flag, radio-telegraphy and -telephony, and semaphore. Since these methods of signaling are internation￾ally recognized, differences in language between sender and receiver are immaterial; the message will be understood when decoded in the language of the receiver, regardless of the language of the sender. The Notice to Mariners corrects Pub. 102. 416. Almanacs For celestial sight reduction, the navigator needs an al￾manac for ephemeris data. The Nautical Almanac, produced jointly by H.M. Nautical Almanac Office and the U.S. Naval Observatory, is the most common almanac used for celestial navigation. It also contains information on sun￾rise, sunset, moonrise, and moonset, as well as compact sight reduction tables. The Nautical Almanac is published annually. The Air Almanac contains slightly less accurate ephemeris data for air navigation. It can be used for marine navigation if slightly reduced accuracy is acceptable. Chapter 19 provides more detailed information on us￾ing the Nautical Almanac. 417. Sight Reduction Tables Without a calculator or computer programmed for sight reduction, the navigator needs sight reduction tables to solve the celestial triangle. Two different sets of tables are commonly used at sea. Sight Reduction Tables for Marine Navigation, Pub. 229, consists of six volumes of tables designed for use with the Nautical Almanac for solution of the celestial triangle by the Marcq Saint Hilaire or intercept method. The tab￾ular data are the solutions of the navigational triangle of which two sides and the included angle are known and it is necessary to find the third side and adjacent angle. Each volume of Pub. 229 includes two 8 degree zones, comprising 15 degree bands from 0 to 90 degrees, with a 1° degree overlap between volumes. Pub. 229 is a joint publi￾cation produced by the Defense Mapping Agency, the U.S. Naval Observatory, and the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation, Pub. 249, is also a joint production of the three organizations above. It is issued in three volumes. Volume 1 contains the values of the altitude and true azimuth of seven selected stars chosen to provide, for any given position and time, the best observa￾tions. A new edition is issued every 5 years for the upcoming astronomical epoch. Volumes 2 (0° to 40°) and 3 (39° to 89°) provide for sights of the sun, moon, and planets

59NAUTICALPUBLICATIONS418.Catalogsthe chart regions 1 through 9.A special section of miscella-neous charts and publications is included.This section alsoAchartcatalog is a valuablereferencetothe navigatorlists products produced by NOS, the U.S. Army Corps offorvoyageplanning,inventory control,and ordering.ThereEngineers, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Naval Oceanographicaretwomajortypesofcatalogs,oneforthemilitary andoneOffice, and some foreign publications from the Unitedfor the civilian market.Kingdomand Canada.The military navigator willsee the DMA nautical chartTheciviliannavigatorshouldrefertocatalogs producedcatalog as part of a larger suite of catalogs including aerobytheNational Ocean Service.For U.S.waters,NOSchartsnautical (Part 1), hydrographic (Part 2), and topographicare listed ina series of single sheet“charts"showing a major(Part3)products.EachPartconsistsof oneormorevolregion of the U.S.with individual chart graphics shown.umes.UnclassifiedDMAnauticalchartsarelistedinPart2These catalogs also list charts showing titles and scales.Fi-Volume 1.This is available only to U.S. military users.nally,it lists sales agents fromwhom theproducts may beDoD contractors,and thosewho supportthem.purchased.This catalog contains comprehensive ordering instruc-DMA products for the civilian navigator are listed bytions and information about the products listed.Also listedNOS in a series of regionalized catalogs similarto Part2areaddressesofall CombatSupportCenterfieldoffices,in-Volume 1. These catalogs are also available through autho-formationoncrisissupport,andotherspecialsituations.TherizedNOS chart agents.catalog is organizedbygeographicregioncorrespondingtoMARITIMESAFETYINFORMATION419.NoticeToMarinersweekly,another third arebi-monthly or monthly,and therest irregularly issued according to need.Much of the dataThe Notice to Mariners is published weekly by thein the U.S.Notice to Mariners is obtained from these for-Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographiceign notices.Correct U.S. charts with the U.S. Notice to Mariners.Center (DMAHTC),prepared jointly with theNationalOcean Service(NOS)and theU.S.CoastGuard.ItadvisesSimilarly,correct foreign charts using the foreign noticemariners of important matters affectingnavigational safe-because chart datums often vary according toregion andty,includingnewhydrographicinformation,changes ingeographic positions are not the same for differentchannels and aids to navigation,and other important data.datumsThe Notice consists ofa page of Hydrograms listTheinformationintheNoticetoMarinersisformattedtosimplifythecorrectionofpapercharts,sailingdirectionsingimportantitems inthe notice,a chart correctionlight lists, and other publications produced by DMAHTC,section organized byascending chart number,a publica-NOS, and theU.S.Coast Guard.tions correction section,and a summary of broadcastIt is the responsibility of users to decide which of theirnavigation warnings and miscellaneous information.charts and publications requirecorrection.SuitablerecordsMariners arerequestedtocooperateinthecorrection ofof NoticetoMariners should bemaintainedtofacilitatethecharts and publications by reporting all discrepancies beupdating of charts and publications prior to usetween published information and conditions actuallyInformation forthe Noticeto Mariners is contributedobservedand byrecommendingappropriateimprovementsby:theDefense MappingAgency Hydrographic/Topo-Aconvenientreportingformisprovided intheback ofeachgraphic Center (Department of Defense)for watersNoticetoMariners.outsidetheterritorial limits ofthe United StatesNationalNoticeto Mariners No.I of eachyear contains imporOcean Service(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-tant information on a variety of subjects which supplementsministration,DepartmentofCommerce),whichischargedinformation not usuallyfound on chartsand in navigationalwith surveying and charting the coasts and harbors of thepublications.This information is published as Special No-United States and its territories, the U.S.Coast Guard (De-tice to Mariners Paragraphs. Additional items consideredpartment of Transportation)whichis responsiblefortheof interestto themariner are also included in this Noticesafetyoflifeatseaandtheestablishmentandoperationofaids to navigation;and theArmyCorps of Engineers (De-420.SummaryOfCorrectionspartment of Defense),which is charged with theimprovementof rivers andharbors of theUnited States.InA close companionto the Notice to Mariners is theaddition, important contributions are made by foreign hy-Summary of Corrections.The Summary is published indrographic offices and cooperatingobservers of allfive volumes.Each volume covers a majorportion of thenationalities.earth including several chart regions and many subregions.Over 60 countries which produce nautical charts alsoVolume5also includes special charts and publications cor-produce a notice to mariners.About one third of these arerected bytheNoticeto Mariners.SincetheSummaries

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 59 418. Catalogs A chart catalog is a valuable reference to the navigator for voyage planning, inventory control, and ordering. There are two major types of catalogs, one for the military and one for the civilian market. The military navigator will see the DMA nautical chart catalog as part of a larger suite of catalogs including aero￾nautical (Part 1), hydrographic (Part 2), and topographic (Part 3) products. Each Part consists of one or more vol￾umes. Unclassified DMA nautical charts are listed in Part 2, Volume 1. This is available only to U.S. military users, DoD contractors, and those who support them. This catalog contains comprehensive ordering instruc￾tions and information about the products listed. Also listed are addresses of all Combat Support Center field offices, in￾formation on crisis support, and other special situations. The catalog is organized by geographic region corresponding to the chart regions 1 through 9. A special section of miscella￾neous charts and publications is included. This section also lists products produced by NOS, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, and some foreign publications from the United Kingdom and Canada. The civilian navigator should refer to catalogs produced by the National Ocean Service. For U.S. waters, NOS charts are listed in a series of single sheet “charts” showing a major region of the U.S. with individual chart graphics shown. These catalogs also list charts showing titles and scales. Fi￾nally, it lists sales agents from whom the products may be purchased. DMA products for the civilian navigator are listed by NOS in a series of regionalized catalogs similar to Part 2 Volume 1. These catalogs are also available through autho￾rized NOS chart agents. MARITIME SAFETY INFORMATION 419. Notice To Mariners The Notice to Mariners is published weekly by the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center (DMAHTC), prepared jointly with the National Ocean Service (NOS) and the U.S. Coast Guard. It advises mariners of important matters affecting navigational safe￾ty, including new hydrographic information, changes in channels and aids to navigation, and other important data. The information in the Notice to Mariners is formatted to simplify the correction of paper charts, sailing directions, light lists, and other publications produced by DMAHTC, NOS, and the U.S. Coast Guard. It is the responsibility of users to decide which of their charts and publications require correction. Suitable records of Notice to Mariners should be maintained to facilitate the updating of charts and publications prior to use. Information for the Notice to Mariners is contributed by: the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topo￾graphic Center (Department of Defense) for waters outside the territorial limits of the United States; National Ocean Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad￾ministration, Department of Commerce), which is charged with surveying and charting the coasts and harbors of the United States and its territories; the U.S. Coast Guard (De￾partment of Transportation) which is responsible for the safety of life at sea and the establishment and operation of aids to navigation; and the Army Corps of Engineers (De￾partment of Defense), which is charged with the improvement of rivers and harbors of the United States. In addition, important contributions are made by foreign hy￾drographic offices and cooperating observers of all nationalities. Over 60 countries which produce nautical charts also produce a notice to mariners. About one third of these are weekly, another third are bi-monthly or monthly, and the rest irregularly issued according to need. Much of the data in the U.S. Notice to Mariners is obtained from these for￾eign notices. Correct U.S. charts with the U.S. Notice to Mariners. Similarly, correct foreign charts using the foreign notice because chart datums often vary according to region and geographic positions are not the same for different datums. The Notice consists of a page of Hydrograms list￾ing important items in the notice, a chart correction section organized by ascending chart number, a publica￾tions correction section, and a summary of broadcast navigation warnings and miscellaneous information. Mariners are requested to cooperate in the correction of charts and publications by reporting all discrepancies be￾tween published information and conditions actually observed and by recommending appropriate improvements. A convenient reporting form is provided in the back of each Notice to Mariners. Notice to Mariners No. 1 of each year contains impor￾tant information on a variety of subjects which supplements information not usually found on charts and in navigational publications. This information is published as Special No￾tice to Mariners Paragraphs. Additional items considered of interest to the mariner are also included in this Notice. 420. Summary Of Corrections A close companion to the Notice to Mariners is the Summary of Corrections. The Summary is published in five volumes. Each volume covers a major portion of the earth including several chart regions and many subregions. Volume 5 also includes special charts and publications cor￾rected by the Notice to Mariners. Since the Summaries

60NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONScontain cumulativecorrections,any chart,regardless ofitslocator,alistofmarinesedimentssamples,adatumconversion program for NAD 27 to NAD 83 datum conversions,printdate,canbecorrectedwiththepropervolumeoftheSummary and all subsequent Notice to Mariners.and a listofaerial photographs availablefromNOAA.Themodemphonenumberis(301)713-4573,thevoiceline421.The Navigation Information Network(301)713-2653,andFAX(301)713-4581.TheaddressoftheofficeisNOAA.NOS.C&GS.(N/CG211).1315East-Most of theweeklyNotice to Mariners production isWest Highway, Silver Spring,MD, 20910computerized.This system isknown as the Automated No-tice to Mariners System (ANMS).Design work on this422.Local NoticeToMarinersSystembegan in1975,and thefirst Noticeproduced with itwas issued in1980.This system's software allows remoteThe Local Notice to Mariners is issued by each U.Squeryviamodem.This remoteaccess system isknownasCoast Guard District to disseminate important informationtheNavigation Information Network (NAVINFONET)affecting navigational safetywithin that District.This No-Data available throughNAVINFONET includes charttice reports changes and deficiencies in aids to navigationcorrections,DMAListof Lights corrections,CoastGuardmaintained by the Coast Guard.Other marine informationLight List corrections, radio warnings, MARAD Advisosuch asnew charts,channel depths,naval operations,andries,DMA hydrographic product catalog corrections,drillregattas is included. Since temporary information of shortrig locations, ship hostile action report (SHAR) files, andduration is not included in the weekly Notice to Mariners,GPSnavigationsystemstatusreports.Messagescanalsobethe Local Notice to Mariners may be the only source ofleft for DMAHTC staff regarding suggestions, changes,such information.Small craft using the Intracoastal Water-corections orcommentsonanynavigationproductswayandsmall harborsnotnormallyused byoceangoingThesystemdoes nothavethecapabilityto sendgraph-vesselsneedittokeepchartsandpublicationsup-to-dateics files,which prevents the transfer ofchartlets.However,Sincecorrectinginformationfor U.S.chartsinthenavigators can access most other significant informationDMAHTCNoticeis obtainedfromtheCoastGuardLocalcontained in theNoticetoMariners.Information is updatedNotices, it is normal to expectalag of 1 or2 weeksfor thedaily or weekly according to the Notice to Mariners pro-DMAHTCNoticetopublishacorrectionfromthis source.duction schedule.Thesystem supportsmost internationallyThe Local Notice to Mariners may be obtained free ofrecognizedtelephoneprotocols and canpresentlytransferchargeby contactingtheappropriateCoast GuardDistrictdataatamaximumrateof9600baud.Commander.Vessels operating inports and waterways inNAVINFONET is not a replacement for the weeklyseveraldistrictsmustobtaintheLocalNoticetoMarinersNoticeto Mariners,and in certain respects the accuracyoffromeachdistrict.SeeFigure422fora complete listofU.SinformationcannotbeverifiedbyDMA.Certainfiles.forCoast Guard Districts.example,are entered directly intothedatabase withouted-itingby DMA staff. Also, drill rig locations are furnished423.ElectronicNoticeToMarinersby the companies which operate them. They are not re-quired to provide these positions, and they cannot beElectronic chart developmentisproceeding rapidlyverified.However,withintheselimitations,thesystemcanThecorrectionof these charts will become amajor issue.Inprovideinformation2to 3weeks soonerthantheprintedthe near future, the quality standards of digital charts willNoticeto Mariners,becausethepaperNoticemustbecom-permit the replacement oftraditional paper charts.Neitherpiled, edited, printed, and mailed after the digital version ispaper nor electronic charts should be used unless correctedcompleted.through thelatest Notice toMariners.Chapter14discussesNAVINFONETaccessisfree,buttheusermustpaypotentialmethodsforcorrectingelectroniccharts.telephone charges.All users must register and receive apassword bywriting orcalling DMAHTC,Attn.:MCC-Until the electronic chart is recognized as being the le-NAVINFONET,MailStopD-44,4600SangamoreRd.galequivalentofthepaperchart,however,itcannotreplaceBethesda, MD, 20816-5003; telephone (301)227-3296the paper chart on the bridge.Presently,therefore, the mar-The U.S.Coastand Geodetic Surveyoperatesa similarinermustcontinue touse traditional paper charts.Their use,freecomputerizedmarineinformationbulletinboardcon-in turn,necessitatesthe continued use of the Notice to Mar-taining a list of wrecks and obstructions, a nautical chartinerscorrectionsystem

60 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS contain cumulative corrections, any chart, regardless of its print date, can be corrected with the proper volume of the Summary and all subsequent Notice to Mariners. 421. The Navigation Information Network Most of the weekly Notice to Mariners production is computerized. This system is known as the Automated No￾tice to Mariners System (ANMS). Design work on this system began in 1975, and the first Notice produced with it was issued in 1980. This system’s software allows remote query via modem. This remote access system is known as the Navigation Information Network (NAVINFONET). Data available through NAVINFONET includes chart corrections, DMA List of Lights corrections, Coast Guard Light List corrections, radio warnings, MARAD Adviso￾ries, DMA hydrographic product catalog corrections, drill rig locations, ship hostile action report (SHAR) files, and GPS navigation system status reports. Messages can also be left for DMAHTC staff regarding suggestions, changes, corrections or comments on any navigation products. The system does not have the capability to send graph￾ics files, which prevents the transfer of chartlets. However, navigators can access most other significant information contained in the Notice to Mariners. Information is updated daily or weekly according to the Notice to Mariners pro￾duction schedule. The system supports most internationally recognized telephone protocols and can presently transfer data at a maximum rate of 9600 baud. NAVINFONET is not a replacement for the weekly Notice to Mariners, and in certain respects the accuracy of information cannot be verified by DMA. Certain files, for example, are entered directly into the data base without ed￾iting by DMA staff. Also, drill rig locations are furnished by the companies which operate them. They are not re￾quired to provide these positions, and they cannot be verified. However, within these limitations, the system can provide information 2 to 3 weeks sooner than the printed Notice to Mariners, because the paper Notice must be com￾piled, edited, printed, and mailed after the digital version is completed. NAVINFONET access is free, but the user must pay telephone charges. All users must register and receive a password by writing or calling DMAHTC, Attn.: MCC￾NAVINFONET, Mail Stop D-44, 4600 Sangamore Rd., Bethesda, MD, 20816-5003; telephone (301) 227-3296. The U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey operates a similar free computerized marine information bulletin board con￾taining a list of wrecks and obstructions, a nautical chart locator, a list of marine sediments samples, a datum conver￾sion program for NAD 27 to NAD 83 datum conversions, and a list of aerial photographs available from NOAA. The modem phone number is (301) 713-4573, the voice line (301) 713-2653, and FAX (301) 713-4581. The address of the office is NOAA, NOS, C&GS, (N/CG211), 1315 East￾West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910 422. Local Notice To Mariners The Local Notice to Mariners is issued by each U.S. Coast Guard District to disseminate important information affecting navigational safety within that District. This No￾tice reports changes and deficiencies in aids to navigation maintained by the Coast Guard. Other marine information such as new charts, channel depths, naval operations, and regattas is included. Since temporary information of short duration is not included in the weekly Notice to Mariners, the Local Notice to Mariners may be the only source of such information. Small craft using the Intracoastal Water￾way and small harbors not normally used by oceangoing vessels need it to keep charts and publications up-to-date. Since correcting information for U.S. charts in the DMAHTC Notice is obtained from the Coast Guard Local Notices, it is normal to expect a lag of 1 or 2 weeks for the DMAHTC Notice to publish a correction from this source. The Local Notice to Mariners may be obtained free of charge by contacting the appropriate Coast Guard District Commander. Vessels operating in ports and waterways in several districts must obtain the Local Notice to Mariners from each district. See Figure 422 for a complete list of U.S. Coast Guard Districts. 423. Electronic Notice To Mariners Electronic chart development is proceeding rapidly. The correction of these charts will become a major issue. In the near future, the quality standards of digital charts will permit the replacement of traditional paper charts. Neither paper nor electronic charts should be used unless corrected through the latest Notice to Mariners. Chapter 14 discusses potential methods for correcting electronic charts. Until the electronic chart is recognized as being the le￾gal equivalent of the paper chart, however, it cannot replace the paper chart on the bridge. Presently, therefore, the mar￾iner must continue to use traditional paper charts. Their use, in turn, necessitates the continued use of the Notice to Mar￾iners correction system