上海交通大学：《大学化学 Chemistry》教学资源（课件讲稿）Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms（6.4-6.9）

Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter 6.5 Quantum Mechanical Atomic Orbitals 6.6 Representations of Orbitals 6.7 Many electron atoms 6.8 Electron Configurations 6.9 Electron Configurations Periodic Table Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter Chapter 6 6.5 Quantum Mechanical & Atomic Orbitals 6.6 Representations of Orbitals 6.7 Many electron atoms 6.8 Electron Configurations 6.9 Electron Configurations & Periodic Table

Structure within the Atom Quark 8a0<10增m If the proton Nucleus Electron and neutrons in 6m50-14% 2e《40得mt this picture were 10 cm Neutron and across.Then Proton 520.1013a the quarks and Atom 5w-100m electrons would be less than 0.I 算e proton and0ebgn裤的is picture were 10 cm across.men the quarks and electrone woold bo les5an01m两n size and me mm in size and y#om wou创be心0410mcD the whole atom would be about 10 km across

If the proton and neutrons in this picture were 10 cm across . Then the quarks and electrons would be less than 0.1 mm in size and the whole atom would be about 10 km across

The Wave Nature of Light Wave properties of light Wavelength A Amplitude Wavelongh L E=h.v Photon Wide gop-small efec u》

The Wave Nature of Light Wave properties of light : Wavelength λ Frequency ν diffraction E = ⋅ h ν Photon

The visible light---electromagnetic radiation The electromagnetic spectrum 1020 1018 1016 1014 1012 1010 103 106 104 Frequency (Hz) Gamma X rays Ultra- alq!s!A Infrared Microwave Radio waves rays violet Type of radiation L X ray Sun lamps Heat Microwave ovens UHF TV. FM radio, AM lamps police radar. cellular VHF TV radio satellite stations tolephones E=hy=6.626×10-34J.s×109s1 Emole =A.h.v Photon =6.626×10-25J =6.02×1023×6.626×10-34J·s×10°s1 E=h.v =6.626×10-2J 400nm 500 600 700

The electromagnetic spectrum The visible light --- electromagnetic radiation E = ⋅ h ν Photon 34 9 1 25 6.626 10 10 6.626 10 E J h s s J ν − − − = ⋅ × ⋅ × = × = 23 34 9 1 2 6.02 10 6.626 10 10 6.626 10 Emole J A J h s s ν − − − = ⋅ ⋅ = × × × ⋅ × = ×

The Particle Nature of Light Radiant energy Evacuated chamber A photon---an energy packet Metal E=h.v surface Radiant Positive energy terminal Emitted electrons Current indicator Voltage source Metal surface The photoelectric effect of light

The Particle Nature of Light E = ⋅ h ν A photon --- an energy packet The photoelectric effect of light

Quantized Energy 0 00 -1hcRH 6 5 16 4 -ghcRu 3 heRH 2 uraqunu wnquenb [edpouud E=h.v K81aug -hcRH 1 Microparticles have quantized energy!

Quantized Energy E h = ⋅ ν Microparticles Microparticles have quantized energy! have quantized energy! E h = ⋅ ν

6.4 Particle-Wave Duality Is light a wave or a particle? Light's wave characteristics-- electromagnetic radiation Light's particle characteristics- based on Einstein's interpretation of the photoelectric effect. E=h.v Particle-wave duality: “photons' It's both a wave and a particle!

6.4 Particle 6.4 Particle-Wave Duality Wave Duality • Light’s wave characteristics -- electromagnetic radiation • Light’s particle characteristics– based on Einstein’s interpretation of the photoelectric effect. Particle Particle-wave duality wave duality : “photons” It’s both a wave and a particle! E = ⋅ h ν

The Wave Behavior of Matter The particle nature Light→ The wave nature "If waves could behave like particles,can particles behave like waves? The particle nature Matter→s The wave nature ?? Based on the particle-wave duality of light de Broglie proposed Matter Wave Louis de Broglie h mV- λ：a wave P=mv(momentum):a property particle property

The Wave Behavior of Matter The particle nature The wave nature Light  →   The particle nature The wave nature ??? Matter  →   "If waves could behave like particles, can particles behave like waves?“ Based on the particle particle-wave duality wave duality of light de Broglie proposed Matter Wave The wave nature ??? m v h λ = P=m v (momentum): a particle property λ: a wave property Louis de Broglie

The Wave Behavior of Matter Matter wave---de Broglie's wave h mv To study small objects: a)X-ray diffraction b)Electron diffraction The discovery ofelectron diffraction by crystals in 1927 Diffraction pattern of by Dayvisson and Germer electron beams

The Wave Behavior of Matter v h m λ = Matter wave Matter wave---de Broglie’s wave de Broglie’s wave To study small objects: a) X-ray diffraction b) Electron diffraction Diffraction pattern of electron beams The discovery of electron diffraction by crystals in 1927 by Dayvisson and Germer

Electron diffraction by crystals Diffracled electrons vacuum Electron diffraction rings Electron beam Thin metal foil Salt Crystal Screen

Electron diffraction by crystals Salt Crystal