《大学英语读写》课程教学资源（A）Ⅱ_大学英语读写（A）Ⅱ_Writing：English Paragraph Development

ENGLISHPARAGRAPHDEVELOPMENT

ENGLISH PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

EnglishParagraphDevelopment3.1 Description3.2 DefinitionExamplesandlllustrations3.3Division & Classification3.4Comparison&Contrast3.5Cause&Effect3.6Argumentation3.7otoO)Figures&Statistics3.8Quotation3.93.1o Combination of Methods

English Paragraph Development 3.1 Description 3.2 Definition 3.3 Examples and Illustrations 3.4 Division & Classification 3.5 Comparison & Contrast 3.6 Cause & Effect 3.7 Argumentation 3.8 Figures & Statistics 3.9 Quotation 3.10 Combination of Methods

ContentsinDetailsDescription描述.DescriptionofanObjectorEvent.Descriptionof aProcessor ProcedureDefinition定义.Single-Sentence DefinitionExtendedDefinitionExamples&Illustrations例证GeneraltoParticularorViceVersaEnumerationorExtensionDivision&Classification划分与分类·DivisionClassification比较与对照Comparison&Contrast.Point-by-PointStyle.BlockStyle

Contents in Details Description 描述 · Description of an Object or Event · Description of a Process or Procedure Definition 定义 · Single-Sentence Definition · Extended Definition Examples & Illustrations 例证 · General to Particular or Vice Versa · Enumeration or Extension Division & Classification 划分与分类 · Division · Classification Comparison & Contrast 比较与对照 · Point-by-Point Style · Block Style

Cause&Effect因果关系ACausetoMultipleEffects/MultipleCausestoanEffect.BlockOrganization/ChainOrganizationArgumentation论证Induction·Deduction图表数据Figures&StatisticsStatistics.TimesQuotation引证.Direct&Indirect·ProverbsCombinationof Methods综合法

Cause & Effect 因果关系 · A Cause to Multiple Effects / Multiple Causes to an Effect · Block Organization / Chain Organization Argumentation 论证 · Induction · Deduction Figures & Statistics 图表数据 · Statistics · Times Quotation 引证 · Direct & Indirect · Proverbs Combination of Methods 综合法

3.1Description(1)DescriptionofanObjectorEvent用于描写人物、事物、地点，这种描述告诉读者客观事物的状态，有时用来辅助解说、议论或叙述。(2)DescriptionofaProcessorProcedure根据事情发生的先后顺序、应该遵循的程序或步骤逐步描述。这种段落扩展方法也称为“howto.paragraph”戴“processparagraph”，常为科技文章所采用，主要描述实验、生产、操作和制造等具体清晰的过程例如：下面的段落解说描述了维他命12

3.1 Description （1） Description of an Object or Event 用于描写人物、事物、地点，这种描述告诉读者客观事 物的状态，有时用来辅助解说、议论或叙述。 （2）Description of a Process or Procedure 根据事情发生的先后顺序、应该遵循的程序或步骤逐步 描述。这种段落扩展方法也称为 “how to paragraph” 或“process paragraph”，常为科技文章所采用，主要 描述实验、生产、操作和制造等具体清晰的过程。 例如：下面的段落解说描述了维他命12

VitaminB12Cyanocobalamin（氰钴胺）Vitamin B12is necessary for the normal development of redblood cells, and the functioning of all cells, particularly in thebonemarrow,nervous system,andintestines.A deficiency causes pernicious anemia（恶性贫血），and if thedeficiency is prolonged, a degeneration of the spinal cord occurs.Abundant sources are: organ meats, lean meats, fish, milk,eggs, and shellfish. B12 is not present to any measurable degreein plants,which means that strict vegetarians should supplementtheirdietswiththisvitamin.V:TAMSN,saia,noko'baelamin

Vitamin B12—Cyanocobalamin （氰钴胺） Vitamin B12 is necessary for the normal development of red blood cells, and the functioning of all cells, particularly in the bone marrow, nervous system, and intestines. A deficiency causes pernicious anemia（恶性贫血）, and if the deficiency is prolonged, a degeneration of the spinal cord occurs. Abundant sources are: organ meats, lean meats, fish, milk, eggs, and shellfish. B12 is not present to any measurable degree in plants, which means that strict vegetarians should supplement their diets with this vitamin. /,saɪə,noko'bæ ləmɪn/

Language, like any other aspect of life and human behavior,changesfromonegeneration to thenext.Aschildren welearnour first ornative languagefrom our parents.It isthenmodifiedthrough association with playmates,who learned their languagefrom their elders. This learning process is heightened andextended inschool.Inadulthood ourlanguage attains relativestability.It reflects our education,our occupation,our personalinterests and contacts-in short, our total environment.By thistime, however, we are already conveying the language to ourchildren, and the process begins a new cycle. The history of alanguage is an account of what has happened to it in the courseof its continuous transmission from onegeneration toanother.本段运用一般现在时、以时间顺序叙述了人类的语言习得过程

Description of a Process Language, like any other aspect of life and human behavior, changes from one generation to the next. As children we learn our first or native language from our parents. It is then modified through association with playmates, who learned their language from their elders. This learning process is heightened and extended in school. In adulthood our language attains relative stability. It reflects our education, our occupation, our personal interests and contacts—in short, our total environment. By this time, however, we are already conveying the language to our children, and the process begins a new cycle. The history of a language is an account of what has happened to it in the course of its continuous transmission from one generation to another. 本段运用一般现在时、以时间顺序叙述了人类的语言习得过程

Gasoline,after being manufactured at a petroleum refinery,isdistributed from the refinery to aterminal primarilyviapipelineormarine vessel. At the terminal, the gasoline is stored, transferredto trucks or in some instances to railcars, and subsequentlydelivered to intermediate wholesale outlets (bulk plants)and tolarge retail (service stations) and commercial accounts. Bulkplants generally deliver to accounts with storage tank capacitiesoflessthan3o,oooliters.这一段是关于石油营销运作的过程描述石油在生产之后经管道把石油运送到总站，再用汽车或机动有轨车送到中间批发口岸，大的零售点以及商业帐户处

Description of a Procedure Gasoline, after being manufactured at a petroleum refinery, is distributed from the refinery to a terminal primarily via pipeline or marine vessel. At the terminal, the gasoline is stored, transferred to trucks or in some instances to railcars, and subsequently delivered to intermediate wholesale outlets (bulk plants) and to large retail (service stations) and commercial accounts. Bulk plants generally deliver to accounts with storage tank capacities of less than 30,000 liters. 这一段是关于石油营销运作的过程描述。石油在生产之后， 经管道把石油运送到总站，再用汽车或机动有轨车送到中间批 发口岸，大的零售点以及商业帐户处

HowtoStartYourOwnBusiness1)Makesureyouwanttodoit2)Researchthefield,gatherinformation---read---talktoexperts---check out competition ---do market research3) Plan---get experts for board of directors--budget4)Hiregoodpeople---listentothem---encouragetheirprofessionaldevelopment5)Getmoreinformation---classes ---consultants

How to Start Your Own Business 1) Make sure you want to do it 2) Research the field, gather information -talk to experts -read -check out competition -do market research 3) Plan -get experts for board of directors -budget 4) Hire good people -listen to them -encourage their professional development 5) Get more information -classes -consultants Activity

HowtoStartYourOwnBusinessFirst make sure you really want to start your own business,becauseittakesalotoftime.Once you are determined to do it, you need to research thefield. This includes making sure no one else is doing exactly thesame thing in your area. Find out how much need there is foryour kind of service, locate the customers, and find out whatkind of services they want. You'll want to talk to experts,potential customers, and potential suppliers,and you'll want todoa lot of reading.Then you need toplan.Makesureyouhave experts onyourboard of directors. Make up careful budgets and plan for

Sample Writing How to Start Your Own Business First make sure you really want to start your own business, because it takes a lot of time. Once you are determined to do it, you need to research the field. This includes making sure no one else is doing exactly the same thing in your area. Find out how much need there is for your kind of service, locate the customers, and find out what kind of services they want. You’ll want to talk to experts, potential customers, and potential suppliers, and you’ll want to do a lot of reading. Then you need to plan. Make sure you have experts on your board of directors. Make up careful budgets and plan for