复旦大学：《普通化学 General Chemistry》课程教学资源（课堂讲义）Chap 2 - Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table

ParT 2- Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table Reference: Chapter 7-8 in textbook

1 PART 2 – Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table Reference: Chapter 7—8 in textbook

Early Atomic Models 酷 earnIn EARLY ATOMIC MODELS

2 Early Atomic Models

Thomson 's 1 904 model of the atom Plumb Pudding Model He discovered the electron a discovery for which he was awarded the nobel Prize in physics in 1906 electrons Scanned at the American Institute of Physics cathode anode deflection towards 十 positively C positive plate charged deflecting i negative charge plates pudding any metal works 3

Thomson’s 1904 Model of the Atom  Plumb Pudding Model 3 He discovered the electron, a discovery for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1906

Ernest rutherford atom Ernest rutherford is considered the father of nuclear physics Particles named and characterized by him include the a particle, B particle and proton. Rutherford overturned Thomson 's atom model in 1911 with his well-known gold foil experiment in which he demonstrated that the atom has a tiny, massive nucleus Rutherford Atom elementary particles ● proton(+) helium atom nucleus where the mass of the electron is 1/2000 the mass of the proton and the mass of the proton electron orbits equals the mass of the neutron 4

Ernest Rutherford Atom  Ernest Rutherford is considered the father of nuclear physics. Particles named and characterized by him include the α particle, β particle and proton. Rutherford overturned Thomson's atom model in 1911 with his well-known gold foil experiment in which he demonstrated that the atom has a tiny, massive nucleus. 4

Experiment to Discover Atom Structure a-particle mass number 4 Nucleus and electron model

Experiment to Discover Atom Structure 5 Nucleus and Electron Model  -particle： He2+ mass number = 4

Atomic Structure Nucleus-protons and neutrons Proton: 1 unit atomic mass 1 unit positive charge Neutron: 1 unit atomic mass, Neutral(no charge) 。E| ectrons Electron little mass, 1 unit negative charge 。 Atom and|on Atom: protons = of electrons lon: Atom gains/loses electron(s)

Atomic Structure  Nucleus – protons and neutrons  Proton: 1 unit atomic mass,1 unit positive charge  Neutron: 1 unit atomic mass, Neutral (no charge)  Electrons  Electron: little mass, 1 unit negative charge  Atom and Ion  Atom: # protons = # of electrons  Ion: Atom gains/loses electron(s) 6

Bohr's model of atoms- Incorrect n=6 Atom absorbs Ato energy Bohrs assumptions for e- orbital in an atom X Electrons are circling around the nucleus Y Electrons only stay in specific orbitals, and need absorb or emit energy when transiting onto another orbital 7

Bohr’s Model of Atoms – Incorrect 7  Bohr’s assumptions for e- orbital in an atom: Χ Electrons are circling around the nucleus. Electrons only stay in specific orbitals, and need absorb or emit energy when transiting onto another orbital

Orbitals Energy States for Hydrogen -0.1 -0.2 03 -0.5-.50 Orbital Energy States For H-atom, the orbital energy: E,=-13.6eV, En=E/n 8

Orbitals & Energy States for Hydrogen 8 Orbital Energy States For H-atom, the orbital energy: E1 = –13.6 eV, En = E1 / n2

Periodic Table of elements 7 10111213 15 16 17 18 1 Symbo t007 Solid Metals 4002602 Hg Liquid 10 Lanthanoids Baryum Unknown Actinoids 13 Sign 4 Scandium 47 154 5 Rb: Sr Nb f M Pd Ag Sn Sb Molybdenum Cadman Antimony 6 CS B 57-71Hf 32 Fanum 84 Ra89-103Rf Uuo For elements with no stable isotopes the mass number of the isotope with the longest half-life is in parentheses DesignandInterfaceCopyright1997MichaeldAyah(michael@dayah.com).http://www.ptable.com/ 61 Ce Nd1 Pm a Sm 2 Eu翟Gd Tb 3 Dy Ho Er Tm Neodymium Ptable bkm21题

Find Atomic Mass from Periodic Table 9

a"real Periodic Table Harvard Universit and Chemical siology 哪 Dept of Chemistry Chemical Biology, Harvard University, USA 10

10 A “real” Periodic Table Dept of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, USA