《西方经济学原理》（英文版）Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure

ECSENOMICS Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 16 Government Taxation and Expenditure

ECSENOMICS Government's Share of the Economy C, Has Grown Sharply in This Century 1-118 Figure 16-1 Govenment Spending and Taxes. 1902-1999 World War It 30 25 HCN World War I 920 15 10 1900 1910 1920 19301940 1950 960 1970 1980 1990 Year McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Government’s Share of the Economy Has Grown Sharply in This Century T-118 Figure 16-1

ECRNOMS Government Spending Is highest in High-Income Lands 1-119 Figure 16-2 Sweden fran italy Germany Poland United Kingdom Ja apan United State South kore Philippines Sierra leone Dominican Republic 20 30 40 60 Expenditures(percent of GDP) McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: International Monetary Fund

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Government Spending Is Highest in High-Income Lands T-119 Figure 16-2 Source: International Monetary Fund

ECSENOMICS State and Local governments t Concentrate on Local Public Goods T-120 Figure 16-3 Education Welfare Health and hospitals Local State Transportation Public safet Other 01020304050607080 Percent of local or state expenditures McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1989-1990

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. State and Local Governments Concentrate on Local Public Goods T-120 Figure 16-3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1989-1990

ECSENOMICS Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes T-121 Figure 16-4 T/Y Progressive tax Proportional tax Regressive tax ncom McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes T-121 Figure 16-4

ECSENOMICS History of Top Marginal Tax Rate in the United states T-122 Figure 16-5 100 70 60 50 30 E 20 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Ye McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. History of Top Marginal Tax Rate in the United States T-122 Figure 16-5 Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury

ECSENOMICS Property and Sales Taxes Dominate at State and Local levels T-123 Figure 16-6 Property tax Sales tax State Income tax Charges and fees Revenue sharing Other 010203040506 Percent of local or state taxes McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Property and Sales Taxes Dominate at State and Local Levels T-123 Figure 16-6 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

ECSENOMICS Response of Work to Taxes Depends on Shape of Supply Curve T-124 Figure 16-7 b B□ B 932 Labor-hours McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Response of Work to Taxes Depends on Shape of Supply Curve T-124 Figure 16-7

ECSENOMICS Benefits from Transiers2 o Who Pays the Taxes and wh 1-125 Figure 16-8 15 三 05 50 100 150 200 Annualized lifetime income(thousands of dollars) McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: Don Fullerton and Diane Lim Rogers, Who Bears the Lifetime Tax Burden:(Brookings Institution

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Who Pays the Taxes and Who Benefits from Transfers? T-125 Figure 16-8 Source: Don Fullerton and Diane Lim Rogers, Who Bears the Lifetime Tax Burden: (Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1993), p. 123

ECSENOMICS The Laffer Curve 1-126 Figure 16-9 =5 B 50 75 100 Tax rate(percent) McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Laffer Curve T-126 Figure 16-9