《西方经济学原理》（英文版）Chapter 18 Protecting the Environment

ECSENOMICS Chapter 18 Protecting the Environment McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 18 Protecting the Environment

ECSENOMICS so Pollution and Economic Growtl T-130 Figure 18-1 5三 Income per capita McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pollution and Economic Growth T-130 Figure 18-1

ECSENOMICS Trends in Pollution in the United States. 1990-1997 T-131 Figure 18-2 Pollution per Unit Output Sulfur -e Volatile organic ead Carbon dioxid r Particulates ⊥A 1900190519101915192019251930351940194519501955196019651970197519801985199019952000 Year McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, and Department of Commerce. For each pollutant, the quantity is divided by real gross domes tie product in 1996 prices

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Trends in Pollution in the United States. 1990-1997 T-131 Figure 18-2 Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Energy, and Department of Commerce. For each pollutant, the quantity is divided by real gross domestic product in 1996 prices

ECSENOMICS Prices of most resources have S Fallen Relative to Labor's Wage T-132 igure 18-3 Fi Natural Resource Scarcit 100 20 Oil Lumber 194519501955196019651970197519801985199019952000 Year McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics and Department of Energy

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prices of Most Resources Have Fallen Relative to Labor’s Wage T-132 Figure 18-3 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics and Department of Energy

ECSENOMICS Appropriable Natural Resources Are S Declining Relative to Economy T-133 igure 18-5 Fi Total. all marketed natural resources 10 5 Other resource sectors* 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: U.S. Commerce Department

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Appropriable Natural Resources Are Declining Relative to Economy T-133 Figure 18-5 Source: U.S. Commerce Department

ECSENOMICS Inefficiency from Externalities 1-134 Figure 18-6 120 MSB (Marginal social benefit 100 MC(Marginal cost of MPB (Marginal private benet 一=-=-=- 100 200 Abatement (pollution removed) McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Inefficiency from Externalities T-134 Figure 18-6

ECSENOMICS Pollution standards and Emissions fees T135 igure 18-7 Fi 120 Government 100 MSB imposed pollution standard 80 (Emissions fee plu 508 orivate costs) E MC 20 100 200 300 400 Abatement(pollution removed) McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pollution Standards and Emissions Fees T-135 Figure 18-7

ECSENOMICS Carbon Taxes Can Slow Harmfu Climate Change 1-136 igure 18-8 Fi MC MSB Emissions reduction( r) McGraw-Hilllrwin CopyrightC 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Carbon Taxes Can Slow Harmful Climate Change T-136 Figure 18-8