《儿童少年卫生学 child and adolescent health》拓展阅读：儿童青少年常见眼病和口腔疾病防控_Visual Impairment and Blindness 2010

Visual Impairment and Blindness 2010 WN World Health Organization Global Estimates: 285 million people are affected by visual impairment*. V:285M 4.25% 39M(14% World Population 5,697M ● Low Vision 246M(86% 80%of Visual Impairment is avoidable (can be prevented or cured) Cataract Unoperated Cataract and Uncorrected Refractive errors Glaucoma are the leading causes of are the leading causes of Avoidable Visual Impairment Avoidable blindness Visual Impairment Blindness Diabetic Age-related Retinopathy Cataract 51% Corneal blindness Opacities Uncorrected Other causes: Other causes Trachoma Refractive Error Glaucoma Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P. Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May: 96(5 ) 614-8

Visual Impairment and Blindness 2010 Global Estimates: 285 million people are affected by visual impairment*. World Population: 6,697M ● Low Vision 246M (86%) ● Blind 39M (14%) ●VI: 285M (4.25%) Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P.Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May;96(5):614‐8. 80% of Visual Impairment is avoidable (can be prevented or cured) Uncorrected   Refractive Error 42% Trachoma 1% Glaucoma 2% Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) 1% Other causes: 18% Childhood blindness 1% Diabetic Retinopathy 1% Cataract 33% Corneal Opacities 1% Visual Impairment ‐ Cataract ‐ Uncorrected Refractive errors are the leading causes of Avoidable Visual Impairment. Cataract 51% Diabetic Retinopathy 1% Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) 5% Uncorrected Refractive Error 3% Other causes 21% Trachoma 3% Childhood blindness 4% Glaucoma 8% Corneal Opacities 4% Blindness ‐ Unoperated Cataract and ‐ Glaucoma are the leading causes of   Avoidable Blindness

Visual Impairment and Blindness 2010 M(N World Health Organization Global Estimates: 285 million people are affected by visual impairment. The geographical distribution of visual Impairment is uneven in the world 0.6% 0.7% 8 08% 0.79 04% 0.5% 5.0% 4.1% 4.6% 3.2% 2.5% 2.6 2.9% 2.8% EUR SEAR-India WPR-Chinal D Prevalence of Vision Loss(all ages) a Prevalence of blindness(all ages) Prevalence of people all ages with visual impairment per 100 291%3.17 3.18%-333% 3.34%-5.61% ● Not applicat The WHO region SEARO was dNided in two SEARO-(India) and India, as well as WPRO in WPRO-(China) and China Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P. Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May: 96(5 ) 614-8

Visual Impairment and Blindness 2010 Global Estimates: 285 million people are affected by visual impairment. The geographical distribution of Visual Impairment  is uneven in the world. 2.5% 2.6% 3.2% 2.9% 4.1% 2.8% 5.0% 4.6% 0.7% 0.4% 0.8% 0.3% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR‐{India} WPR‐{China} China India Prevalence of VI per 100 pop Prevalence of Vision Loss (all ages) Prevalence of blindness (all ages) Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P.Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May;96(5):614‐8

Population Growth and Ageing World Health Organization World Pop: 10% 6,853M 7,538M. By 2019 the 7,000 world population will grow to 7,5 billion(10%) 1000 1.514M 1,931M World Pop 50+: 27% 2010 2012 2018 2019 World Population: All Adults(in thousands) World Population: Persons aged of 50 or more years old (in thousands It is estimated that in the next 9 years the number of blind people aged 50+ will grow in all WHO Regions; particularly in China India South-East Asia Eastern-Mediterranean unless action is taken to prevent and cure main causes of visual impairments Millions 10 AFR AMR EUR SEAR-Indial WPR-China China a Blind people aged of 50 or more years in 2010 (000) 2019 projections assume constant ratio between population and vi prevalence rates Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P. Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May: 96(5 ) 614-8

It is estimated that in the next  9 years the number of blind people aged 50 + will grow in all WHO Regions; particularly in: • China • India • South‐East Asia • Eastern‐Mediterranean unless action is taken to prevent and cure main causes of visual impairments  ‐ 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2019 Population in millions (000'000) World Population: All Adults (in thousands ) World Population: Persons aged of 50 or more years old (in thousands) 1,514 M 7,538 M 6,853 M 1,931 M World Pop 50+ : + 27% World Pop : + 10% By 2019  the world population will grow to 7,5 billion (10%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR‐{India} WPR‐{China} China India Blind people aged of 50 or more years in 2010 ('000) *2019 projections assume constant ratio between population and VI prevalence rates Millions   Population Growth and Ageing Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P.Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May;96(5):614‐8

Socio-economic development Investment in World Health Organization health and visual impairments In the Low and Middle Income countries group the prevalence of VI prevalence is higher 5.22% 4.73% 2585四 4.25% Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income Higher countries/ regions investments in health correspond to lower prevalence of visual impairment. India: 7.25% China: 6.50% SEAR-India]: 6.36% EMR: 6% WPR-(China): 4.07% EUR:3.63% AMR:3.60% y=0.0736X0248 Total expenditure on health per capita (hundreds US Dollars, PPP int o Prevalence of vi for adults from 15 years old Power( Prevalence of VI for adults from 15 years old) Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P. Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May: 96(5 ) 614-8

In the Low and Middle Income countries group the prevalence of VI prevalence is higher Higher countries/regions investments in health correspond to lower prevalence of visual impairment. AFR: 5.21% AMR: 3.60% EMR: 6% EUR: 3.63% SEAR‐{India}: 6.36% WPR‐{China}: 4.07% China:  6.50% India: 7.25% y = 0.0736x‐0.248 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%  ‐  5 10 15 20 25 *Prevalence of VI for adults Total expenditure on health per capita (hundreds US Dollars, PPP int.) Prevalence of VI for adults from 15 years old Power (Prevalence of VI for adults from 15 years old) 5.22% 4.73% 4.25% 3.99% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income Prevalence of VI for adults 15+ years per 100 (2010) Socio‐economic development, Investment in health and visual impairments Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, S.P.Mariotti, D. Pascolini, Br J Ophthalmol. 2012 May;96(5):614‐8

References World Health Organization Indicators sources Visual Impairment, Vision Loss and blindness 2010 global estimates, and Vi and blindness causes. lariotti S, and Pascolini D. Global Data on Visual Impairments 2010, WHO 2010 World Population estimates and projections. 2011 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: the 2011 Revision Total per capita expenditure on health- pPp int. $-(WHO 2008 estimates): data available at httplappswhoint/gho/data/view.main World Bank Classification of world economies by income groups 2012: Based on 2011 GNI per capitaAccessedonlineDecember2012athttp:/data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications GDP per capita- pPP int $-, 2013-2017 projections: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012. Accessed online on December 2012 at http://www.imforg/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/index.asp Visual Impairment, Vision Loss and blindness 2010 projections: calculated from Vi global 2010 Estimates taking into account population growth, and ageing (UNDP 2011 estimates), and with constant prevalence over the period 2010-2019 Maps Sources and considerations Map 1: Prevalence of people (all ages )with VI per 100 ulatio Map 2: Population of blind people 50 or more years old in Data Source: WHO Visual Impairment and blindness global estimates Map Production: Prevention of Blindness and Deafness unit WHO All rights Reserved Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the world Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement

Indicators Sources • Visual Impairment, Vision Loss and Blindness 2010 global estimates, and VI and blindness causes. Mariotti S., and  Pascolini D., Global Data on Visual Impairments  2010, WHO 2010. • World Population estimates and projections. 2011 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: the 2011 Revision. • Total per capita expenditure on health ‐PPP int. $‐ (WHO 2008 estimates): data available at http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main . • World Bank Classification of world economies by income groups 2012: Based on 2011 GNI per capita. Accessed online December 2012 at http://data.worldbank.org/about/country‐classifications • GDP per capita ‐PPP int. $‐, 2013‐2017 projections: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012. Accessed online on December 2012 at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/02/weodata/index.asp • Visual Impairment, Vision Loss and Blindness 2010 projections: calculated from VI global 2010 Estimates taking into account population growth, and ageing (UNDP 2011 estimates), and with constant prevalence over the period 2010‐2019. Maps Sources and Considerations • Map 1: Prevalence of people (all ages) with VI per 100 population. • Map 2: Population of blind people 50 or more years old in thousands (‘000). Data Source: WHO Visual Impairment and Blindness global estimates. Map Production: Prevention of Blindness and Deafness unit WHO All rights Reserved Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. References