陇东学院：《语言学导论 Linguistics An Introduction》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）Chapter 4 From Word to Text

Chapter Four From Word to Text

Chapter Four From Word to Text

What's the distinction of Morphology and Syntax? a Morphology is a branch in linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language

What’s the distinction of Morphology and Syntax? ◼ Morphology is a branch in linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. ◼ Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language

你 SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the wavs different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures

◼ SYNTAX is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures

Syntactic relations a Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: ■ positional relations relations of substitutability relatons of co-occurrence

◼ Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds: ◼ positional relations ◼ relations of substitutability ◼ relations of co-occurrence Syntactic relations

Positional relation For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause ■ The boy kicked the ball 时 NP1 NP2 Subiect Object

Positional Relation ◼ For language to fulfill its communicative function, it must have a way to mark the grammatical roles of the various phrases that can occur in a clause. ◼ The boy kicked the ball NP1 NP2 Subject Object

a Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language a If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammaticalor nonsensical at all

◼ Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. ◼ If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all

The boy kicked the ball 米 Boy the ball kicked the 将 The ball kicked the boy The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher

◼ The boy kicked the ball ◼ *Boy the ball kicked the ◼ *The ball kicked the boy ◼ The teacher saw the students ◼ The students saw the teacher

Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations(横组合关系) observed by e de saussure. They are also called Horizontal relations or simply chain Relations

◼ Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations（横组合关系） observed by F. de Saussure. ◼ They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations

I Word order is one of the basic ways to classify languages in the world: SVO. VSO. SOV.OVS OSV and vos English belongs to SvO type, though this does not mean that svo is the only possible word order

◼ Word order is one of the basic ways to classify languages in the world: ◼ SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. ◼ English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order

Relation of Substitutability The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure ■The smiles man boy gI

Relation of Substitutability ◼ The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. ◼ The ______ smiles. man boy girl