同济大学：《高层建筑结构》课程教学资源（参考资料）Shanghai World Financial Center

Tall Building Stuctures Technical Report Pere Pau Garau,ID:1237102 Shanghai World Financial Center This is an extraordinary building,one that will attract the eye of all in Shanghai.Making use of a composite,steel and concrete mega-structure,the structural system is organized to respond to the beauty of the architecture while meeting extraordinary engineering challenges.while are identical,considerable repetition is found in the concrete walls and steel The new structural system In order to decrease the weight of the building,the majority of that decrease had to be found in a reduction of the thickness of the concrete shear walls of the services core.This reduction and earthquake could be found only by increasing the stiffness of the lateral force resisting system of the perimeter wall.To achieve this LERA resurrected its 1995 design:a diagonal-braced frame with added outrigger trusses.Further,by making use of outrigger mega-structure,an additional reduction was realized

Tall Building Stuctures Technical Report Pere Pau Garau, ID:1237102 Shanghai World Financial Center This is an extraordinary building, one that will attract the eye of all in Shanghai. Making use of a composite, steel and concrete mega-structure, the structural system is organized to respond to the beauty of the architecture while meeting extraordinary engineering challenges. While no two floors are identical, considerable repetition is found in the concrete walls and steel framing. The new structural system In order to decrease the weight of the building, the majority of that decrease had to be found in a reduction of the thickness of the concrete shear walls of the services core. This reduction could be achieved only by decreasing the wind- and earthquake￾induced lateral forces resisted by those walls. That decrease could be found only by increasing the stiffness of the lateral force resisting system of the perimeter wall. To achieve this, LERA resurrected its 1995 design: a diagonal-braced frame with added outrigger trusses. Further, by making use of outrigger trusses coupled to the columns of the mega-structure, an additional reduction was realized

Tall Building Stuctures Technical Report Pere Pau Garau,ID:1237102 The Mega-Structure Embedded Core Belt-Truss Diagona The Mega-Structure concept is shown in Figures(both Figures omit intermediate floors).To resist the forces from typhoon (hurricane)winds and earthquakes,three parallel and interacting structural systems were incorporated: 1)The mega-structure,consisting of the major structural columns,the major diagonals, and the belt trusses. 2)The concrete walls of the services core. 3)The interaction between the concrete walls of the services core and the mega-columns as created by the outrigger trusses. Seeking to improve the quality of the office spaces,on each of the four orthogonal faces,the new structural system decreases the perimeter framing from seventeen wide columns to just three narrow columns.Hence,building occupants will be provided an extraordinary sense of openness and unparalleled views of the Shanghai By adjusting the stiffness of the perimeter mega-structure and the outrigger trusses,both the shears and the overturning moments resisted by the concrete walls of the services core can be either increased or decrea by the structural sed.n this way,the weight of icescore is subjecttocon engineer.The design both controlled the thickness of the services core concrete walls and optimized the design of the outrigger trusses

Tall Building Stuctures Technical Report Pere Pau Garau, ID:1237102 The Mega-Structure The Mega-Structure concept is shown in Figures (both Figures omit intermediate floors). To resist the forces from typhoon (hurricane) winds and earthquakes, three parallel and interacting structural systems were incorporated: 1) The mega-structure, consisting of the major structural columns, the major diagonals, and the belt trusses. 2) The concrete walls of the services core. 3) The interaction between the concrete walls of the services core and the mega-columns, as created by the outrigger trusses. Seeking to improve the quality of the office spaces, on each of the four orthogonal faces, the new structural system decreases the perimeter framing from seventeen wide columns to just three narrow columns. Hence, building occupants will be provided an extraordinary sense of openness and unparalleled views of the surrounding city of Shanghai. By adjusting the stiffness of the perimeter mega-structure and the outrigger trusses, both the shears and the overturning moments resisted by the concrete walls of the services core can be either increased or decreased. In this way, the weight of the services core is subject to control by the structural engineer. The design both controlled the thickness of the services core concrete walls and optimized the design of the outrigger trusses

Tall Building Stuctures Technical Report Pere Pau Garau,ID:1237102 The diagonals of the Mega-Structure Turning more to the engineering detail,the diagonals of the mega-structure are formed of welded boxes of structural steel.These steel boxes are in-filled with concrete,thus providing increased stiffness,non-linear structural behavior,and structural damping.As well,in the upper reaches of the building and enhanced with stud shear connectors,the concrete is used to stabilize against buckling the thin steel plates of the diagonals. The columns of the Mega-Structure The columns of the mega-structure are of mixed structural steel and reinforced cocrete.At the mega diagonals to the columns,the steel column must be of a size capable of fully transferring the vertical component of the loac in the diagonals to the composite columns.Above and below this connection,the size of the steel column is reduced.Away the ne eds to be strong enough to carry the construction load of the steelwork above. Concluding thoughts Recognizing that there are two basic materials (reinforced concrete and structural steel) adding considerations of the speed of construction,and recognizing that structural detail is perhaps more important than are structural quantities,the optimization of this structure relies and in part on judgm The de distribution subject to precise analysis

Tall Building Stuctures Technical Report Pere Pau Garau, ID:1237102 The diagonals of the Mega-Structure Turning more to the engineering detail, the diagonals of the mega-structure are formed of welded boxes of structural steel. These steel boxes are in-filled with concrete, thus providing increased stiffness, non-linear structural behavior, and structural damping. As well, in the upper reaches of the building and enhanced with stud shear connectors, the concrete is used to stabilize against buckling the thin steel plates of the diagonals. The columns of the Mega-Structure The columns of the mega-structure are of mixed structural steel and reinforced concrete. At the connection of the mega￾diagonals to the columns, the steel column must be of a size capable of fully transferring the vertical component of the load in the diagonals to the composite columns. Above and below this connection, the size of the steel column is reduced. Away from the area where the column transfers load to the surrounding concrete, the steel column only needs to be strong enough to carry the construction load of the steelwork above. Concluding thoughts Recognizing that there are two basic materials (reinforced concrete and structural steel), adding considerations of the speed of construction, and recognizing that structural detail is perhaps more important than are structural quantities, the optimization of this structure relies in part on experience and in part on judgment. The determination of the proper distributions of lateral shear and overturning moment between these three parallel systems, then, is not subject to precise analysis