实荆州职院：《用英语语音学》（英文版） Chapter 7 Rhythm

Chapter 7 Rhythm ythm in English speech is based on stress. A rhythm unit((节奏单位) s formed by a stressed unstressed syllables before the stress are said very quickly, so they are very short, as short as you can make them; but the stressed syllable is as long as before, so there is a great difference of length between the unstressed syllables and the stressed one, e.g /aim hie/ / ai wez in 'hi。/ She is home She is at home But she is at home /bt∫i: z at 'hal But unstressed syllables after the stress are not said specially quickly. They share with the stressed one the amount of time which a single stressed syllable would have. So the following words all take about the same time to say nine nine / nain// nainti /naintiie/ Igud// beta//ekselent/ Thus, in the sentence" I can do it. /aiken'du it/ there are two unstressed syllables befor stress and one after it The first two are said quickly and the last one not so quickly, taking the amount of time as /du: / Here are other examples In a minute. /in a minit/ It was better. /it waz 'beta He was a worker /hi: waz 'we ka/ Rhythm of English speech is formed by the recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less regular intervals of time and by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables In connected speech, the stressed syllables follow each other nearly at roughly equal intervals of time and the unstressed syllables(whether many or few) occupy almost the same period of time between the stressed syllables. The greater the number of unstressed syllables, the quicker they are pron I think he wants to go.DOODO I' think that he wants us togo.ODDODDO Ithink it was an 'excellent af fair. O DODO DDO Each of these three sentences contains the same number of stressed syllables, but a different number of unstressed syllables. However, they are pronounced almost in the same period of time, although in the first sentence the stressed syllables are separated by one unstressed syllables, while in the last the stresses are separated by three. This principle is very important in speaking English, especially in reading English poetry In Chinese, a line of poetry is usually determined by counting the total number of syllables, stressed or unstressed alike. Lines containing a greater number of syllables are felt to be of greater length. So Chinese is called a syllable-timed language(以音节计时的语言). English, however,is different from Chinese. English is a stress-timed language(以重音计时的语言). In a line of english number of sentence-stress is more important than the number of syllables. Here are two verses from Tennyson which are considered to be perfectly matched and of the same length because they have the same number of sentence-stresses

Chapter 7 Rhythm Rhythm in English speech is based on stress．A rhythm unit(节奏单位)is formed by a stressed syllable, together with unstressed syllables which may come before the stress and after it. The unstressed syllables before the stress are said very quickly, so they are very short, as short as you can make them; but the stressed syllable is as long as before, so there is a great difference of length between the unstressed syllables and the stressed one, e.g. I’m here． Ｉwas here． Ｉwas in here． /aim 'hiә/ /ai wәz 'hiә/ /ai wәz in 'hiә/ She is home. She is at home. But she is at home． /ʃi:z 'hәum/ /ʃi:z әt 'hәum/ /bәt ʃi:z әt 'hәum/ But unstressed syllables after the stress are not said specially quickly. They share with the stressed one the amount of time which a single stressed syllable would have. So the following words all take about the same time to say： nine ninety ninetieth /`nаin/ /`nаinti /`nаintiiθ/ good better excellent /`gud/ /`betә/ /`eksәlәnt/ Thus，in the sentence ” I can do it. ”/аikәn`du:it/ there are two unstressed syllables before the stress and one after it. The first two are said quickly and the last one not so quickly, taking the same amount of time as /du:/. Here are other examples: In a minute. /in ә 'minit/ It was better. /it wәz 'betә / He was a worker. /hi: wәz ә 'wә:kә/ Rhythm of English speech is formed by the recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less regular intervals of time and by the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. In connected speech, the stressed syllables follow each other nearly at roughly equal intervals of time, and the unstressed syllables (whether many or few) occupy almost the same period of time between the stressed syllables. The greater the number of unstressed syllables, the quicker they are pronounced, e.g. I 'think he 'wants to `go．▫ ○ ▫ ○ ▫ ○ I 'think that he 'wants us to `go．▫ ○ ▫ ▫ ○ ▫ ▫ ○ I 'think it was an 'excellent af 'fair．▫ ○ ▫ ▫ ▫ ○ ▫ ▫ ▫ ○ Each of these three sentences contains the same number of stressed syllables, but a different number of unstressed syllables. However, they are pronounced almost in the same period of time, although in the first sentence the stressed syllables are separated by one unstressed syllables, while in the last the stresses are separated by three. This principle is very important in speaking English, especially in reading English poetry. In Chinese, a line of poetry is usually determined by counting the total number of syllables, stressed or unstressed alike. Lines containing a greater number of syllables are felt to be of greater length．So Chinese is called a syllable-timed language (以音节计时的语言). English, however, is different from Chinese. English is a stress-timed language(以重音计时的语言). In a line of English poetry, the number of sentence-stress is more important than the number of syllables. Here are two verses from Tennyson which are considered to be perfectly matched and of the same length because they have the same number of sentence-stresses．

Break. ' break. break On thy cold gray stones, O Sea The unstressed syllables are so unimportant, rhythmically speaking, that it is not even necessary to count them. When a person recites those lines, it takes him as long to say the first as the second, even though the first contains only three syllables and the second is made up of seven. The following are lines of a poem for practice Give a'man a'pipe he can smoke Give a 'man a 'book he can read And his home is bright with a 'calm de 'light Though the 'room ispoor in'deed Influence of rhythm upon word-stress In addition to the regular recurrence of stressed syllables, the rhythm of English speech has another characteristic feature, i.e., the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. There is a strong tendency in connected English speech to avoid stressing two syllables in succession. Under the influence of this peculiarity of English rhythm, words normally pronounced with two equally strong stresses in isolation may lose the first when closely preceded by another stressed syllable, or they may lose the second when closely followed by another stressed syllable Chinese/tai'ni: z/ They are having a chinese lesson /dei a haevin a tai'ni: z 'lesn/ They speak Chinese 0ei'spi: k tai'ni: z/ p'st即z/ He lives in an upstairs room /hi: livz in an'Apst eez ru m He went upstairs /hi: went Mpst eeZ/ Second-hand /sekend'haend/ is a se /its a' sekandhaend 'bukJop/ It was bought second-hand /its waz "bo t sekand'haend/ The influence of rhythm on sentence-stress Under the influence of the same tendency of English rhythm to the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, words with full lexical meaning may lose their stress in a sense group Examples He left London./hi: 'left 'lAndan/ Tom left London. /tm left 'lAndan/ Very good! /'veri gud Not very good! /'not veri '/ How many? /hau meni/ He put on his hat. /hi: ' put on iz haet/ penz do ju: haev How many pens do you have?/hau He put his hat on It iz 'haet on/ He put it on. /hi: put it on Take off the map. /teik of Oa ' maep/ Take the map off /teik Oa 'maep of/ Take it off. /'teik it of/ Thus the characteristic features of English speech rhythm may be summed up as follows 1)The regular recurrence of stressed syllables, which results (a)the pronunciation of each rhythmic group in a sense-group in the same period of time, irrespective of the number of unstressed syllables in it (b)the influence of this feature of English speech rhythm upon the tempo of speech(iti)and the

“'Break, 'break, 'break, On thy 'cold gray 'stones，O 'Sea!” The unstressed syllables are so unimportant, rhythmically speaking, that it is not even necessary to count them. When a person recites those lines, it takes him as long to say the first as the second, even though the first contains only three syllables and the second is made up of seven. The following are lines of a poem for practice: 'Give a 'man a 'pipe he can 'smoke, 'Give a 'man a 'book he can 'read; And his'home is'bright with a 'calm de 'light， Though the 'room is 'poor in'deed． Influence of rhythm upon word-stress In addition to the regular recurrence of stressed syllables, the rhythm of English speech has another characteristic feature, i.e., the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. There is a strong tendency in connected English speech to avoid stressing two syllables in succession. Under the influence of this peculiarity of English rhythm, words normally pronounced with two equally strong stresses in isolation may lose the first when closely preceded by another stressed syllable, or they may lose the second when closely followed by another stressed syllable. Examples: Chinese /'ʧai'ni:z/ They are having a Chinese lesson． /ðei ә 'hæviŋ ә 'ʧai'ni:z 'lesn/ They speak Chinese． / ðei 'spi:k ʧai'ni:z / Upstairs/'Λp 'stεәz/ He lives in an upstairs room． /hi: 'livz in әn 'Λpstεәz 'ru:m/ He went upstairs． /hi: wentΛp'stεә z / Second-hand /'sekәnd'hænd/ It is a second-hand bookshop． /its ә 'sekәndhænd 'bukʃɔp/ It was bought second-hand． /its wәz 'bɔ:t sekәnd'hænd/ The influence of rhythm on sentence-stress Under the influence of the same tendency of English rhythm to the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, words with full lexical meaning may lose their stress in a sense group． Examples: He left London. /hi: 'left 'lΛndәn/ Tom left London. /'tɔm left 'lΛndәn/ Very good! /'veri 'gud/ Not very good! /'nɔt veri 'gud/ How many? /'hau 'meni/ How many pens do you have? /'hau meni 'penz dә ju: 'hæv/ He put on his hat. /hi: 'put ɔn iz 'hæt / He put his hat on. /hi: 'put iz 'hæt ɔn / He put it on. /hi: 'put it 'ɔn / Take off the map. /'teik ɔf ðә 'mæp/ Take the map off. /'teik ðә 'mæp ɔf / Take it off. /'teik it 'ɔf / Thus the characteristic features of English speech rhythm may be summed up as follows: 1) The regular recurrence of stressed syllables，which results in: (a) the pronunciation of each rhythmic group in a sense-group in the same period of time, irrespective of the number of unstressed syllables in it; (b) the influence of this feature of English speech rhythm upon the tempo of speech (语速) and the

length of sounds, especially 2)The alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, which results in the influence of rhythm pon word-stress and sentence-stress One way to improve your rhythm is to beat the rhythm with your hand, one beat for each stressed llable and with exactly the same time between each pair of beats. Now try the following groups of words The"key"written at the beginning of each group tells you which part to emphasize. The sign"O shows a stressed syllable, and the shows an un I've 'read it I 'told him oo T Have a'drink Where have you been? What have you'done? DO DOo It is 'time He has 'come o°O°It' s 'time for 'dinner. They'l' go to morrow Time for ' dinner 'Peter 'answered

length of sounds, especially vowels. 2) The alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, which results in the influence of rhythm upon word-stress and sentence-stress． One way to improve your rhythm is to beat the rhythm with your hand, one beat for each stressed syllable and with exactly the same time between each pair of beats. Now try the following groups of words. The “key” written at the beginning of each group tells you which part to emphasize. The sign “O” shows a stressed syllable，and the sign “ ．” shows an un stressed syllable． ▫ ○ ▫ I’ve 'read it． I 'told him． ○ ▫ ○ 'Try a'gain． 'Have a 'drink． ○ ▫ ▫ ○ 'Where have you 'been? 'What have you 'done? ▫ ○ ▫ ○ ▫ It is 'time． He has 'come． ▫ ○ ▫ ○ ▫ It’s 'time for 'dinner. They’ll 'go to'morrow. 'Time for 'dinner. ○ ▫ ○ ▫ 'Peter 'answered．