《食品微生物学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）微生物的遗传变异和育种

Chapter 7 heredity, variation and breeding of microbes Heredity(inheritance) and variation is the most intrinsical atrributes of all living organisms

Chapter 7 heredity, variation and breeding of microbes Heredity(inheritance) and variation is the most intrinsical atrributes of all living organisms

Lets get married our babies will be as beautiful as me and as intelligent as yOu,,,.. If they are as ugly as me and as foolish as you

Let’s get married our babies will be as beautiful as me and as intelligent as you……. If they are as ugly as me and as foolish as you……

只有一条DNA分子

genotype The genotype(遗传型又称基因型) of an organism is the genetic information stored in its genetic material: the exact sequence of the bases or nucleotides in its DNA This sequence dictates what proteins or RNA molecules can be produced by the organism, how the genes may be regulated and the functioning of the protein once it is synthesized. Not all proteins are made at the same time and the full genotype of an organism cannot be discovered unless the genome is sequenced

The genotype(遗传型又称基因型) of an organism is the genetic information stored in its genetic material: the exact sequence of the bases or nucleotides in its DNA. This sequence dictates what proteins or RNA molecules can be produced by the organism, how the genes may be regulated and the functioning of the protein once it is synthesized. Not all proteins are made at the same time and the full genotype of an organism cannot be discovered unless the genome is sequenced. genotype

phenotype The phenotype(!)of an organism is the expression or manifestation of that genotype as it can be observed or measured; the manifestation of the genotype in the form of characteristics which is observable and measurable for example, whether or not it produces a capsule or is resistant to an antibiotic. The most common form of an organism is often referred to as the wild-type. Alterations to the genotype can therefore be seen as changes in the phenotype.(遗传性的改变可通过表型改变来观察)

The phenotype(表型) of an organism is the expression or manifestation of that genotype as it can be observed or measured; the manifestation of the genotype in the form of characteristics which is observable and measurable ,for example, whether or not it produces a capsule or is resistant to an antibiotic. The most common form of an organism is often referred to as the wild-type. Alterations to the genotype can therefore be seen as changes in the phenotype. (遗传性的改变可通过表型改变来观察) phenotype

Variation or mutation Any change to the sequence of bases(genotype) in the dna of an organism is a mutation or variation (e 变或变异) The change may be a single- base change called a point mutation or involve a much larger sequence of dna in which case it is called a multi-site mutation. DNA may be deleted, inserted, inverted, duplicated or substituted. (that means the change of structure or amount)

Any change to the sequence of bases (genotype) in the DNA of an organism is a mutation or variation(突 变或变异). The change may be a single-base change called a point mutation or involve a much larger sequence of DNA in which case it is called a multi-site mutation. DNA may be deleted, inserted, inverted, duplicated or substituted .(that means the change of structure or amount). Variation or mutation

Modification Modification(tii 3)is the changing of phenotype occurs only on the transcriptional and translational levels but not involve the change of the genotype that is, the genetic material or the nucleotides thus it's only a ornamental alteration

Modification(饰变) is the changing of phenotype occurs only on the transcriptional and translational levels but not involve the change of the genotype , that is , the genetic material or the nucleotides, thus it’s only a ornamental alteration. Modification

Different nomenclatures/abbreviations are used for describing genes and mutations in different organisms, but in bacteria the following convention is used

Different nomenclatures/abbreviations are used for describing genes and mutations in different organisms, but in bacteria the following convention is used:

Phenotype is described using a three-letter abbreviation of roman letters with the first letter capitalized. a superscript t or-is used to designate the presence or absence of this phenotype

• Phenotype is described using a three-letter abbreviation of roman letters with the first letter capitalized. A superscript + or - is used to designate the presence or absence of this phenotype;