《微生物学 Microbiology》课程PPT教学课件（英文版）practical applications of immunology

Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

Vaccine History Variolation:Inoculation of smallpox into skin(18th century) Vaccination:Inoculation of cowpox into skin Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease

Vaccine History • Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century) • Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin • Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease

Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans 。DtaP Diphtheria:Purified diphtheria toxoid Pertussis:Acellular fragments of B.pertussis Tetanus:Purified tetanus toxoid Meningococcal meningitis:Purified polysaccharide from N.meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine:S.pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein

• DtaP • Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid • Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis • Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid • Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis • Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans Smallpox:Live vaccinia virus Poliomyelitis:Inactivated virus Rabies:Inactivated virus Hepatitis A:Inactivated virus Influenza:Inactivated or attenuated virus Measles:Attenuated virus Mumps:Attenuated virus Rubella:Attenuated virus Chickenpox:Attenuated virus Hepatitis B:Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)

• Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus • Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus • Rabies: Inactivated virus • Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus • Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus • Measles: Attenuated virus • Mumps: Attenuated virus • Rubella: Attenuated virus • Chickenpox: Attenuated virus • Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine) Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans

Precipitation Reactions Antigens (soluble)】 ·Involve soluble Zone of equivalence: antigens with visible precipitate antibodies Antibodies (a) Figure 18.3

Precipitation Reactions • Involve soluble antigens with antibodies Figure 18.3

Agglutination Reactions Involve particulate antigens and antibodies △0 Antigenic determinants 。Antigens may be: 。On a cell(direct agglutination) △ Bacterium 。Attached to latex △△0 spheres (indirect 0口V or passive agglutination) Figure 18.4

Agglutination Reactions • Involve particulate antigens and antibodies • Antigens may be: • On a cell (direct agglutination) • Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination) Figure 18.4

Antibody Titer 1:201:401:801:1601:3201:640 Control Top view of wells (a 。Is the concentration Enlarged photo of of antibodies wells against a particular antigen Side view of wells (b)Agglutinated (c)Nonagglutinated Figure 18.5

Antibody Titer • Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen Figure 18.5

Hemagglutination Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies'ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs. Red blood cells Viruses Hemagglutination Figure 18.7

Hemagglutination • Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. • Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies' ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs. Figure 18.7

Neutralization Reactions Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin Red blood cells Antiviral antibodies Viruses Viruses neutralized and from serum hemagglutination inhibited (b)Viral hemagglutination test to detect antibodies to a virus.These viruses will normally cause hemagglutination when mixed with red blood cells.If antibodies to the virus are present,as shown here,they neutralize and inhibit hemagglutination. Figure 18.8b

Neutralization Reactions • Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin Figure 18.8b

Complement Fixation 0 Antigen Antigen o Complement Complement Serum with antibody Serum without against antigen antibody Complement No complement fixation fixation Figure 18.9.1

Complement Fixation Figure 18.9.1