华南农业大学：《农业生态学》课程教学课件（讲稿）Chapter 11 & 12 Trophic Levels & Energy Transfer

Chapter 11 12 Trophic Levels & Energy Transfer 1

1 Chapter 11 & 12 Trophic Levels & Energy Transfer

Ecosystem Ecosystems Communities Community Populations Population Organisms Individual Cells Cells 2

2 Cells Populations Organisms Communities Ecosystems Cells Individual Population Community Ecosystem

Contents 1.Ecosystem composition 生态系统的组成 2.Trophic levels营养级 3.Energy flow 能量流动 4.Ecological pyramids 生态金字塔 3

3 1. Ecosystem composition 生态系统的组成 2. Trophic levels 营养级 3. Energy flow 能量流动 4. Ecological pyramids 生态金字塔 Contents

Ecosystem composition 生态系统的组成 4

4 Ecosystem composition 生态系统的组成

>System >Ecosystem >Agricultural ecosystem 5

5 ¾System ¾Ecosystem ¾Agricultural ecosystem

System System is a set of interacting or interdependent system components forming an integrated whole Systems share common characteristics Structure:More than two components Function or behavior:integrated Functions Systems exist everywhere.They include many subsystems 6

6 System • System is a set of interacting or interdependent system components forming an integrated whole • Systems share common characteristics ¾ Structure: More than two components ¾ Function or behavior: integrated Functions Systems exist everywhere. They include many subsystems

What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem consists of the interaction between living organisms,and their relationship to non-living components 生态系统(ecosystem)就是在一定空间中共同栖居 着的所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间由于不断 地进行物质循环和能量流动过程而形成的统一整体。 In essence,ecosystems describe the flow of energy and cycling of chemicals through that system

7 What is an ecosystem? An ecosystem consists of the interaction between living organisms, and their relationship to non-living components 生态系统 （ecosystem ecosystem）就是在一定空间中共同栖居 ）就是在一定空间中共同栖居 着的所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间由于不断 着的所有生物（即生物群落）与其环境之间由于不断 地进行物质循环和能量流动过程而形成的统一整体。 地进行物质循环和能量流动过程而形成的统一整体。 In essence, ecosystems describe the flow of energy and cycling of chemicals through that system

Ecosystem A basic unit of ecology defined as a system of living organism interacting with the physical,chemical,biological and sociological environment. A conceptual tool and it has no physical boundary. 英国植物生态学家A.G.Tanslay1935 生物与环境构成一个不可分割的整体 8

8 A basic unit of ecology defined as a A basic unit of ecology defined as a system of living organism interacting system of living organism interacting with the physical, chemical, biological with the physical, chemical, biological and sociological environment. and sociological environment. A conceptual tool and it has no A conceptual tool and it has no physical boundary. physical boundary. •英国植物生态学家A.G. Tanslay 1935 •生物与环境构成一个不可分割的整体 Ecosystem

The ecosystem,consists of the community of organisms plus the associated physical environment

9 The ecosystem, consists of the community of organisms plus the associated physical environment

Ecosystems maintained by Energy Flow(Energy Transfer) Primary producers Consumers Decomposers Nutrient Cycling Water Carbon Nitrogen 10

10 Ecosystems maintained by • Energy Flow (Energy Transfer) Primary producers Consumers Decomposers • Nutrient Cycling Water Carbon Nitrogen