《食品化学》课程教学资源（英文讲义）01 Introduction

Food IsI. Safe2. Delicious3. Nutritious & HealthyFOOD4, Physiological5.CulturalISa. Religiousb. EthnicC. Holidaysd. "Green"e.ComfortHunters&Gathers

1 1. Safe Food Is 2. Delicious 3. Nutritious & Healthy 4. Physiological 5. Cultural a. Religious b. Ethnic c. Holidays d. “Green” e. Comfort Hunters & Gathers

How did man evolvebeyondotherspecies?Very earlyfood scienceHOMININ COOKBOOKHOW COOKINGFireMADEUS HUMANCommunicationCatcbingCookingFireRICHARNRANGHAM

2 Nile River Red Sea Andaman Islands Meadowcroft 19,000-12,000 years ago Kennewick 9,500 years ago Spirit Cave 9,500-9,400 years ago Monte Verde 14,800 years ago Niah Cave 40,000 years ago Qafzeh 100,000 years ago Lake Mungo 45,000 years ago Malakunanja 50,000 years ago Omo Kibish Oldest modern human 195,000 years ago Pestera cu Oase 35,000 years ago Yana River 30,000 years ago Zhoukoudian (Shandingdong) 11,000 years ago Minatogawa 18,000 years ago Clovis 13,500 years ago Klasies River Mouth 120,000 years ago EQUATOR 40,000-30,000 years ago 20,000-15,000 years ago 50,000 years ago 15,000-12,000 years ago 200,000 years ago 70,000-50,000 years ago 40,000 years ago AUSTRALIA ASIA AFRICA EUROPE NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA 1 2 3 4 5 6 Migration date Generalized route Human Migration Fossil or artifact site 40,000 years ago SOURCES: SUSAN ANTON, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY; ALISON BROOKS, GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY; PETER FORSTER, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE; JAMES F. O'CONNELL, UNIVERSITY OF UTAH; STEPHEN OPPENHEIMER, OXFORD UNIVERSITY; SPENCER WELLS, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY; OFER BAR-YOSEF, HARVARD UNIVERSITY NGM MAPS © 2006 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved. How did man evolve beyond other species? • Fire • Communication • Cooking Very early food science

LifeexpectancyvariationovertimeEraLife Expectancy at Birth(years)Upper Paleolithic3320Neolithic26BronzeAgeand IronAge28Classical Greece28Classical RomeFsatStinntebEngtPre-Columbian North America253093135+Medieval Islamic Caliphate30Medieval BritainFurter-GornereAoritultealladastra2540Early Modem Britain31eitiongunap10.00n19001800Early19thCenturyipel.hunhngingmthamigaetStinmttsphenbg.4tienefoshsyCineStcirtyt9)67.22010 world averageIDEALLy-FoodShouldBe:IDEALLy-FoodShouldBeSafe&WholesomeNutritiousDeliciousthatisSensoryappealingSnENutritious"YOURMOTHERWARNEDMEYOUDSTARTCOMPLAININGABOUTYOURFOOD

3 Era Life Expectancy at Birth (years) Upper Paleolithic 33 Neolithic 20 Bronze Age and Iron Age 26 Classical Greece 28 Classical Rome 28 Pre-Columbian North America 25–30 Medieval Islamic Caliphate 35+ Medieval Britain 30 Early Modern Britain 25–40 Early 19th Century 31 2010 world average 67.2 Life expectancy variation over time Your mother warned me you
d start complaining about your food. IDEALLY — Food Should Be: ! Safe & Wholesome ! Delicious that is Sensory appealing ! Nutritious IDEALLY — Food Should Be: ! Nutritious

PHYSIOLOGICALLY-FoodIs:CHEMICALLy-FoodsAre:-MajorComponents.Energy.WaterCarbohydrate-BodymassFatatoms,essentialmolecules.ProteinVitamins,mineralsMinorComponentsAreyoueatingprooertyan&antioxidantsoetting plentyofexe-MetabolismFood energy is measured asFood-What,Where&WhyCalories(USA)orJoules Food can be viewed from manyThe average daily Calorie intake in USAisperspectives3,500/personMost basic would be to justconsiderit-FUELIn which case, it is just a bunchThe averagedaily Calorie intake inChinaof molecules that our bodyis2.500/personneeds to stay alive So, a food chemist might justlook at all the componentsWhat if the average daily intake in Chinawere to increase by1,000?

4 CHEMICALLY —Foods Are: ! Major Components ! Water ! Carbohydrate ! Fat ! Protein ! Minor Components PHYSIOLOGICALLY — Food Is : ! Energy ! Body mass atoms, essential molecules ! Vitamins, minerals & antioxidants ! Metabolism Food —What, Where & Why ! Food can be viewed from many perspectives ! Most basic would be to just consider it — FUEL ! In which case, it is just a bunch of molecules that our body needs to stay alive ! So, a food chemist might just look at all the components Food energy is measured as Calories (USA) or Joules ! The average daily Calorie intake in USA is 3,500/person ! The average daily Calorie intake in China is 2,500/person ! What if the average daily intake in China were to increase by 1,000?

PHYSIOLOGICALLYInChina:AllFoodsareMedicinesFoodIs"MEDICINE"InChina,whenpeoplegetsick,thefirstthing they check is food.The first actiontakenbymorethan90%isachangein"Hewhodoesnotknowfood,howcantheir diet.heunderstandthediseasesofmanHippocrates,the fatherTheirthoughtwastouseof medicinefoodtokeepthebody(460-357BC)in"balance"andfree of disease.Beforethe5thcenturyADWesternmedicinereachedChina??The Conceptof"Yin"and"Yang"Yin: 阴, refers to the shady side ofoThehumoral theorywhichheldthatthemountain.thehumanbodywas affected byThe universe canheat/coldordryness/wetnessYang: 阳, refers to the sunny sidebasicallybeofthe mountain.(Western world concept)divided to"yin"and"yang"Generally SpeakingoBuddhism helped in its adaption inChinaYin represent dark, wet, cool andfeminine,oBUT:China alreadyhad ageoldYang represent light,dry,warmbeliefs"Yang and Yin"and masculine.195

5 PHYSIOLOGICALLY — Food Is “MEDICINE” He who does not know food, how can he understand the diseases of man Hippocrates, the father of medicine (460-357 BC) In China, when people get sick, the first thing they check is food. The first action taken by more than 90% is a change in their diet. Their thought was to use food to keep the body in balance, and free of disease. In China: All Foods are Medicines 19 Before the 5th century AD Western medicine reached China?? " The humoral theory which held that the human body was affected by heat / cold or dryness / wetness (Western world concept) " Buddhism helped in its adaption in China " BUT: China already had age old beliefs “Yang and Yin” 19 Yin: , refers to the shady side of the mountain. Yang:
, refers to the sunny side of the mountain. Generally Speaking: Yin represent dark, wet, cool and feminine, Yang represent light, dry, warm and masculine. The universe can basically be divided to “yin” and “yang” The Concept of “Yin” and “Yang”

ChinesemedicineregardsthateatingcertaintastecarFoodaregeneral classifiedashelp the function of the five organs to balance your"coldcool""warmhot"health,aswellastreatdiseasesandrecoverfromillness.Diseases arerelated to the unbalanceFoodsthatareclassifiedFoods that are classifiedas cold (expansive)betweenYinand Yangofthefiveimportantas hot (contractive)are:organs-are:bitterheart-+FruitsRed meatsliversour+LeafvegetablesRoot vegetableslungspicy+Waterplants: suchasSpices: as chili pepperkidney -saltysea-weed.and ginger;sweetspleen-YangYinFoodswiththeabovetastescanhelpthehealth of eachorganAnything else?6

6 Food are general classified as cold cool, warm hot Foods that are classified as hot (contractive) are : v Red meats v Root vegetables v Spices: as chili pepper and ginger; Yang Foods that are classified as cold (expansive) are: #Fruits #Leaf vegetables #Water plants: such as sea-weed. Yin Diseases are related to the unbalance between Yin and Yang of the five important organs – heart - bitter liver - sour lung - spicy kidney - salty spleen – sweet Foods with the above tastes can help the health of each organ Chinese medicine regards that eating certain taste can help the function of the five organs to balance your health, as well as treat diseases and recover from illness. Anything else?

CULTURALLy-FoodCanBe:religious statementAculturalstatement'llhavetheltalianappetizers,thead.theTexentreethe FrenchsertfollowedbysomeurkishCoffeeKosherFoods-Amoderntrendfrombiblicaltimes(Jewishpeople)1275BC:TheTorah,given fromGodtoMosesonMountSinai,imposesdietaryrestrictionsthatformthebasisforkosherfoodrequirements

7 CULTURALLY — Food Can Be: ! A cultural statement religious statement Kosher Foods — A modern trend from biblical times (Jewish people) 1275 BC: The Torah, given from God to Moses on Mount Sinai, imposes dietary restrictions that form the basis for kosher food requirements

Initial ClarificationsKosher certification symbolsoffthemarkbyMarkPorisiThere are several aroundKosherfood is not blessedOFCURSEWEREEHSHthe worldAproduct is or is notkosherTAKABOLCNaccording to whether it followsUthe rules not because therabbiisthereAnother at the right, is. Essentially the same rules2alsoused-ofteninotherhold for Halal except that meatcountries, but the US too(in addition to having to followthe rules) must also beblessedKosherLawsKosher-PartIIGenerallycoversfourmajorareas:2.TheprohibitionofbloodSpecific slaughter requirements.1.The allowed animals for eatingInspection of animals after slaughter.Ruminants De-veiningSplit hoof and chew their cudSalting (Kosher Salt) and soakingE.g.,cow,sheep,goat, deer.giraffe.Traditional domestic birdsAll products derived from animals mustBut not ostrich, emu, rheabe from Kosher animals, e.g-,.Fishgelatin,tallow,fat derivatives (emulsifiers,glycerol)With fins and removable scales- No shellfish like shrimp8

8 Kosher certification symbols ! There are several around the world ! Another at the right, is also used - often in other countries, but the US too Initial Clarifications ! Kosher food is not blessed ! A product is or is not kosher according to whether it follows the rules not because the rabbi is there ! Essentially the same rules hold for Halal except that meat (in addition to having to follow the rules) must also be blessed Kosher Laws ! Generally covers four major areas: ! 1. The allowed animals for eating ! Ruminants ! Split hoof and chew their cud ! E.g., cow, sheep, goat, deer, giraffe ! Traditional domestic birds ! But not ostrich, emu, rhea ! Fish ! With fins and removable scales ! No shellfish like shrimp Kosher — Part II ! 2. The prohibition of blood ! Specific slaughter requirements ! Inspection of animals after slaughter ! De-veining ! Salting (Kosher Salt) and soaking All products derived from animals must be obtained be from Kosher animals, e.g., gelatin, tallow, fat derivatives (emulsifiers, glycerol)

What do the WordsKosher-PartIIIThemselvesMean?3.SeparationofmilkandmeatTreif=Not KosherKosher=Proper This category: pareve (parve) or neutral makesKosher valuable to many other groups- Halal = LawfulHaram=ProhibitedLookWhat'sIn The MiddleOfAnOreo.4.Prohibited grains at PassoverBrings thekosher laws into theplantkingdomOTherearemanyotherlawsthatarenotcoveredbythislimited description. Many of these other laws are veryimportanttotheproduction ofthemodernKosherfoodBelikis Cre CackiesaecrnroaecoekistedinisitedOdraihroCosupply.The Major US Symbol toHalalMarkProducts as Halal1.Prohibitionofspecificanimals,mostThis product is certifiedspecificallyPORK,butgoesbeyondfooddhabiha halal and meets2.Prohibitionofdrugsand intoxicantsstrict halat standardsestablished by the islamicmostspecificallydrinkingALCOHOLFood and Nutrition Council(ethanol, ethyl alcohol) including as anof America (IFANCA)ingredient,suchasinvanillaflavorM3.ProhibitionofbloodSpecific slaughterrequirementsthatarevery similartokosher9

9 Kosher — Part III ! 3. Separation of milk and meat ! This category: pareve (parve) or neutral makes Kosher valuable to many other groups ! 4. Prohibited grains at Passover ! Brings the kosher laws into the plant kingdom ! There are many other laws that are not covered by this limited description. Many of these other laws are very important to the production of the modern Kosher food supply. What do the Words Themselves Mean? ! Kosher = Proper Treif = Not Kosher ! Halal = Lawful Haram = Prohibited Halal ! 1. Prohibition of specific animals, most specifically PORK, but goes beyond food ! 2. Prohibition of drugs and intoxicants, most specifically drinking ALCOHOL (ethanol, ethyl alcohol) including as an ingredient, such as in vanilla flavor ! 3. Prohibition of blood ! Specific slaughter requirements that are very similar to kosher The Major US Symbol to Mark Products as Halal

CULTURALLy-FoodCanBe:ChopSticksAculturalWhile the precise origins of chopsticks are unknown (theCORNED BEEF N CABBAGEfirst chopsticks may have been twigs used to spear astatementroast cooked over an open fire)theywere definitely inCORLFuse by the Shang dynasty (1766 BC -1122 BC)BEEFAnethnicorConfucius (551 to 479 B.C) equated knives with acts ofBRISKETaggression, which went against his non-violentnationalteachings. His influence is credited with the widespreadadoption of chopsticks throughout China; scholarship had.statementtriumphed overthewarriorlifestyle.39149Chopsticks have been the utensil of choice throuqhout allOof China since the Han dynasty (approximately 200 BC to200 AD).rdwrtmaYhanA culturalstatementDifferentServingStylesAmerican Chinese FoodChinese Food10

10 CULTURALLY — Food Can Be: ! A cultural statement ! An ethnic or ! national ! statement Chop Sticks • While the precise origins of chopsticks are unknown (the first chopsticks may have been twigs used to spear a roast cooked over an open fire) they were definitely in use by the Shang dynasty (1766 BC - 1122 BC). • Confucius (551 to 479 B.C) equated knives with acts of aggression, which went against his non-violent teachings. His influence is credited with the widespread adoption of chopsticks throughout China; scholarship had triumphed over the warrior lifestyle. • Chopsticks have been the utensil of choice throughout all of China since the Han dynasty (approximately 200 BC to 200 AD). "The honorable and upright man keeps well away from both the slaughterhouse and the kitchen. And he allows no knives on his table." (Confucius) Different Serving Styles American Chinese Food Chinese Food A cultural statement