《当代英国概况》（英文版） Chapter 11 Welfare

Chapter 11 Welfare Xiao Huiyun November. 2005

Chapter 11 Welfare Xiao Huiyun November, 2005

Al Development of"Welfare State 1. Definition of Poverty 1.1 Absolute Poverty families without minimum food. clothing and shelter needed for maintenance of merely physical health(concept at beginning of last century) 1.2 Relative Poverty Despite adequate income for survival, people who do not have what is regarded as minimum necessary for decency and who cannot escape judgement that they are indecent can be labeled as poor

A1 Development of “Welfare State”  1. Definition of Poverty  1.1 Absolute Poverty – families without minimum food, clothing and shelter needed for maintenance of merely physical health (concept at beginning of last century)  1.2 Relative Poverty – Despite adequate income for survival, people who do not have what is regarded as minimum necessary for decency and who cannot escape judgement that they are indecent can be labeled as poor

A 1 Development of"Welfare State 2. How Much Poverty is there in UK? 2.1 Distribution of real household disposable income. chart(a)p 181 Gap between the rich and the poor is bigger a The rich get richer, the poor poorer Increase in average incomes of the employed is much greater than that for the unemployed

A 1 Development of “Welfare State”  2. How Much Poverty is there in UK?  2.1 Distribution of real household disposable income. chart (a) p 181  Gap between the rich and the poor is bigger.  The rich get richer, the poor poorer  Increase in average incomes of the employed is much greater than that for the unemployed

What image does this convey? United Kingdom(pound per week) doth percentile 75th percentile 300 Median 200 25th percentile 100 10th percentile 1986 1991 1998

What image does this convey?  United Kingdom (pound per week)

Poverty in Britain (b)Proportion of adults lacking selected basic necessities 1 through inability to afford them, 1999 (p181 d) People in pover rty in the UK, by personal, economic and family status 1996-97 (p182)

Poverty in Britain  (b) Proportion of adults lacking selected basic necessities1 through inability to afford them, 1999 (p181)  (d) People in poverty in the UK, by personal, economic and family status, 1996-97 (p182)

Poverty in Britain By the end of 1999 a quarter(26%)of the British population were living in poverty, measured in terms of low income and multiple deprivation of necessities Roughly 9.5 million people in Britain today cannot afford adequate housing conditions about 8 million cannot afford one or more essential household goods

Poverty in Britain  By the end of 1999 a quarter (26%) of the British population were living in poverty, measured in terms of low income and multiple deprivation of necessities.  Roughly 9.5 million people in Britain today cannot afford adequate housing conditions.  About 8 million cannot afford one or more essential household goods

Poverty in Britain Almost 7. 5 million people are too poor to engage in common social activities considered necessary by the majority of the population About 6.5 million adults go without essential clothing Around 4 million are not properly fed by today's standards

Poverty in Britain  Almost 7.5 million people are too poor to engage in common social activities considered necessary by the majority of the population.  About 6.5 million adults go without essential clothing  Around 4 million are not properly fed by today's standards

Poverty in Britain One in six people (17%)considered themselves and their families to be living in absolute poverty as defined by the United nations Less than 10% of the population sees a dishwasher, a mobile phone, Internet access or satellite television as necessities This study was undertaken by researchers at the Universities of Bristol, Loughborough York and heriot-Watt with fie/dwork undertaken by the office for National StatistiCS(ONS

Poverty in Britain  One in six people (17%) considered themselves and their families to be living in 'absolute poverty' as defined by the United Nations.  Less than 10% of the population sees a dishwasher, a mobile phone, Internet access or satellite television as necessities.  This study was undertaken by researchers at the Universities of Bristol, Loughborough, York and Heriot-Watt with fieldwork undertaken by the Office for National Statistics (ONS)

What is a welfare State? assumes responsibility for the well-being of its ch It can be defined as 'a state with a government w citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy'. The welfare state would aim to offer its citizens a life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life(for example, losing a job, becoming sick, having an accident) These days resources for welfare are raised through National Insurances contributions(which are paic by all people in work) and general taxation(which is paid by all people in work above a certain level of income). There is also a value Added Tax (VAT) which is included in the price of many goods and services

What is a ‘Welfare State’?  It can be defined as ‘a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens throughout life, through a range of interventions in the market economy’. The welfare state would aim to offer its citizens  a life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and  protection against the unexpected hazards of life (for example, losing a job, becoming sick, having an accident).  These days resources for welfare are raised through National Insurance contributions (which are paid by all people in work) and general taxation (which is paid by all people in work above a certain level of income). There is also a Value Added Tax (VAT) which is included in the price of many goods and services

Brief History of Welfare State in Britain Help serviced by parishes, early 17th cent Poor Law of 1834 discouraged people from applying for relief, the unemployed made stay in workhouses”“ Oliver Twist,1837 Major reform in 1908-- National insurance schemes founded, enabling some people to cover medical retirement cost Foundations of what came to be known as “ the Welfare state

Brief History of Welfare State in Britain  Help serviced by parishes ,early 17th cent.  Poor Law of 1834 discouraged people from applying for relief, the unemployed made stay in “workhouses” “Oliver Twist”, 1837  Major Reform in 1908 -- National insurance schemes founded, enabling some people to cover medical & retirement cost.  Foundations of what came to be known as “the Welfare State