Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China：A Conceptual Analysis

Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis Roger C K CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research student Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management The University of Hong Kong

Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A Conceptual Analysis Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management The University of Hong Kong

Outline Background ■ Global perspective ■Ch ina s perspective Relevant theories Concept of compact city Features of compact cIty a Conceptual Model of compact Empirical study ■ Research design Findings Conclusion

Outline • Background • Relevant Theories • Empirical Study • Conclusion ◼ Global perspective ◼ China’s perspective ◼ Concept of compact city ◼ Features of compact city ◼ Conceptual Model of compact city ◼ Research design ◼ Findings

Part BACKGROUND

Part 1 BACKGROUND

1. Global Perspective Rapid urbanization. boom of urban residents · Urban growth Urbanization Urbanization Urbanization in annual Urban in1975 in2000 2025(estimated growth rate by UN) All the world 37.70% 49% 61.1 2.38% Developed 698% 76% 84.0 0.71 countries Developing 26.7% 399% 57.1 3.21 countries Source: UNCHS(1996)An Urbanising World: Global Report on Human Settlements Oxford. University Press. Oxford

1. Global Perspective • Rapid urbanization, boom of urban residents • Urban Growth Urbanization in 1975 Urbanization in 2000 Urbanization in 2025(estimated by UN) annual Urban growth rate All the world 37.7% 49% 61.1% 2.38% Developed countries 69.8% 76% 84.0% 0.71% Developing countries 26.7% 39.9% 57.1% 3.21% Source: UNCHS (1996) An Urbanising World: Global Report on Human Settlements, Oxford, University Press, Oxford

Sustainable development declaration"1980 Sustainable development The announcement regarding sustainable cities in the Toronto Declaration, 1990 Sustainability becomes a planning Compact city The answer to the sustainable city form

Compact city Sustainable Development “Sustainable development declaration”, 1980 The announcement regarding sustainable cities in the Toronto Declaration, 1990 The answer to the sustainable city form Sustainability becomes a planning goal

Relevant policies in the world UK Planning Policy Statement [Partl: Delivering Sustainable Development](Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005) Netherlands The National Spatial Strategy(2020)(Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the environment) Hong Kong Hong Kong 2030 planning vision and Strategy(HKsar, 2007

Relevant policies in the world UK: Planning Policy Statement [Part1: Delivering Sustainable Development] (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005) Netherlands: The National Spatial Strategy (2020) (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment) Hong Kong: Hong Kong 2030 Planning vision and Strategy (HKSAR, 2007) …………………………

2. China's Perspective Rapid Urbanization urbanization in china from 1978 to 2005 50% 45% 40% Urban Residents Change 30% 25% Urban residents change from 1978 to 2005 60000 Unit: 10 thousand 15% 50000 10% 40000 300 当百曼要昌昌目目§ 000 0 Source: China Statistical Yearbook -2006 10000

2. China’s Perspective 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 1978 1980 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 urbanization in China from 1978 to 2005 Rapid Urbanization 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1978 1980 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Urban residents change from 1978 to 2005 Unit:10 thousand Urban Residents Change Source: China Statistical Yearbook - 2006

2. China' s Perspective Change of Built-up area in municipal cities -Built-up Area 30000 (sq km) ar Built-up Area(sq km) 25000 1997 13613 20000 1998 14658 15000 1999 15439 10000 5000 2000 16221 2001 17605 19971998199920002001200220032004 2002 19844 2003 23267 2004 23943

2. China’s Perspective Year Built-up Area (sq.km) 1997 13613 1998 14658 1999 15439 2000 16221 2001 17605 2002 19844 2003 23267 2004 23943 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Built-up Area (sq.km) Change of Built-up area in municipal cities

China's situation Rapid population growth and urbanization Q National Population and Family Planning Commission(2004)reported by 2010, 1.37 billion people by 2020, 1.46 billion people by 2033. 1.5 billion people Q National Development and Reform Commission(2004)reported > By 2020, the urbanization will reach 57%, and the number of urban residents would be 0. 84 billion

China’s Situation Rapid population growth and urbanization ◆National Population and Family Planning Commission(2004) reported: ➢ by 2010, 1.37 billion people ➢ by 2020, 1.46 billion people ➢ by 2033, 1.5 billion people ◆National Development and Reform Commission(2004) reported: ➢By 2020, the urbanization will reach 57%, and the number of urban residents would be 0.84 billion

China's situation Limited land resource and extensive construction area Q Ministry of Land and Resources reported in 2005 the area of territory per person per person is 0.73 hectare in China, and 2.9 hectare in the world the cultivated land per person is 933 sq. m in China, and 3200 sq m. in the world the construction area per person in China is more than 130 sq. m, and 82 4 sqm in developed countries, 83.3 sq. m in developing countries

China’s Situation Limited land resource and extensive construction area ◆Ministry of Land and Resources reported in 2005 ➢ the area of territory per person per person is 0.73 hectare in China, and 2.9 hectare in the world ➢ the cultivated land per person is 933 sq.m. in China, and 3200 sq.m. in the world ➢ the construction area per person in China is more than 130 sq.m., and 82.4 sq.m in developed countries, 83.3 sq.m in developing countries