《学科英语》课程教学资源（讲义）通用学术英语写作讲义（下载版）

Academic Writing Problem-Solution Essay GROUP DISCUSSION Directions:What are some of the most pressing issues in the world today?As a group. make a list of the issues below.You may do online research Then,choose 2 issues to discuss in more detail Issue 1 Questions toAsk Issue 2 What is the problem? Why is this a serious problem? What are the causes of reasons for) the problem? Who is responsible? What are some possible solutions? Who would be responsible for each other groups,individuals,ete)? What are the steps for the solution? What are the limitations of the solution?How do you address those limitations？ What will happen if we do nothing?

1 Academic Writing Problem-Solution Essay GROUP DISCUSSION Directions: What are some of the most pressing issues in the world today? As a group, make a list of the issues below. You may do online research Then, choose 2 issues to discuss in more detail: Questions to Ask Issue 1 Issue 2 What is the problem? Why is this a serious problem? What are the causes of reasons for) the problem? Who is responsible? What are some possible solutions? Who would be responsible for each part of the solution (government, other groups, individuals, etc)? What are the steps for the solution? What are the limitations of the solution? How do you address those limitations? What will happen if we do nothing?

Academic Writing Introduction Paragraph Whatis the purpose? An Introductory Paragraph helps the reader form an impression about your The Introductory Paragraph should contain 1-4 sentences of brief information that connects the big.general topics to your thesis.or specific ideas about the topic. An introductory paragraph has 3 main functions: OStimulate Include a thesis statement that explains the focus of your essay Whatcan/should it include? Hook(quote.statistic,shocking fact,or brief story,etc.) Brieftopic information in sentences/general to specifi connecting information Thesis statement(presents the topic and contains controlling ideas) -See the backside of this handout PRACTICE 1:Write an introduction paragraph for your Timed Writing 1 Hook(try to avoid cliches!): Brief information about the topic Thesis Statement 2

2 Academic Writing Introduction Paragraph What is the purpose? ⚫ An Introductory Paragraph helps the reader form an impression about your essay, so it is important for it to be interesting and clear. ⚫ The Introductory Paragraph should contain 1-4 sentences of brief information that connects the big, general topics to your thesis. or specific ideas about the topic. ⚫ An introductory paragraph has 3 main functions:  Stimulate the readers' interest in your topic  Provide brief information about your topic/connecting information  Include a thesis statement that explains the focus of your essay What can/should it include? ⚫ Hook (quote, statistic, shocking fact, or brief story, etc.) ⚫ Brief topic information in 1-4 sentences/ general to specific connecting information ⚫ Thesis statement (presents the topic and contains controlling ideas) →See the backside of this handout PRACTICE 1: Write an introduction paragraph for your Timed Writing 1. Hook (try to avoid clichés!): Brief information about the topic: Thesis Statement:

Academic Writing How to Write a good Hook Why does the essay hook exist and is such an important tool? An essay hook is the first one or two sentences ofyour essav.It serves as an introduction and works to grab the reader's attention.The first couple sentences will help your reader decide whether they want to continue reading your essay or not What type of essay are you writing? Definition.descriptive.and narrative essays differ from argumentative and critical essavs a lot beca se they equiredifferent writing strategies.In the initial group of essays,you need to o describe certa nevents or concepts.whether the second group requires you to use persuasive techniques to support your argument. What type of writing style and tone will you need to use? Who is your intended audience? What kind of structure do you need to establish? Essay hooks ideas 1.A literary quote This type of hook is appropriate when you are writing about a particular author,story literary phenome non,book,etc.Using a quote will make your essay sound fresh and establish your authority as an author. Examples: "So we beat on,boats against the current,bome back ceaselessly into the past"These words of Nick Carraway perfectly describe. "Not all those who wander are lost."And yes,indeed,every person is so." "When we love,we always strive to become better than we are.When we strive to become better than we are,everything around us becomes better too."Agree or not,but 3

3 Academic Writing How to Write a good Hook Why does the essay hook exist and is such an important tool? An essay hook is the first one or two sentences of your essay. It serves as an introduction and works to grab the reader’s attention. The first couple sentences will help your reader decide whether they want to continue reading your essay or not. What type of essay are you writing? Definition, descriptive, and narrative essays differ from argumentative and critical essays a lot because they require different writing strategies. In the initial group of essays, you need to describe certain events or concepts, whether the second group requires you to use persuasive techniques to support your argument. • What type of writing style and tone will you need to use? • Who is your intended audience? • What kind of structure do you need to establish? Essay hooks ideas 1. A literary quote This type of hook is appropriate when you are writing about a particular author, story, literary phenomenon, book, etc. Using a quote will make your essay sound fresh and establish your authority as an author. Examples: “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” These words of Nick Carraway perfectly describe.” “Not all those who wander are lost.” And yes, indeed, every person is so.” “When we love, we always strive to become better than we are. When we strive to become better than we are, everything around us becomes better too.” Agree or not, but

these words from The Alchemist determine. 2.Quotes from Famous People Including a quote from an authoritative and influential person can help support your argument and create an intriguing hook.The key is to make sure that you clearly show how the quote is relevant to your essay. Examples: "John Wooden once said,'Never mistake activity for achievement." "words from my kindergarten teacher after Ralph Thors spilled paint on my daffodil picture. 3.Anecdote Don't be afraid to employ this type of hook.Remember,even if you start with a humorous anecdote,it doesn't mean that your entire essay has to be funny.A bit of humor can help you grab readers'attention and spark their interest in the topic Examples: "As my cousin and I pedaled our new bikes to the beach,6 years old,suntanned and young.we met an old,shaggy-haired man weaving unsteadily on a battered old bike When I was a young boy.my father worked at a coal mine.For 27 years,he made it his occupation to scrape and claw and grunt his way into the bowels of the earth, searching for fuel.On April 19,2004,the bowels of the earth clawed back." Keep in mind that most essay assignments will ask you to avoid using the first person Be sure to check any requirements before using"in your writing. 4.Pose a Question Almost nothing can attract interest better than a well-constructed question.Readers will want to ding your Be sure to av the other side or engage in some critical thinking. Examples: "What would you do if you could play God for a day?That's exactly what the leaders of the tiny island nation of Guam tried to answer." "Have you ever wondered,whether Anna Karenina still loved Alexei if she hadn't decided tocommit a suicide?

4 these words from The Alchemist determine.” 2. Quotes from Famous People Including a quote from an authoritative and influential person can help support your argument and create an intriguing hook. The key is to make sure that you clearly show how the quote is relevant to your essay. Examples: “John Wooden once said, ‘Never mistake activity for achievement.'” “Learn to laugh” were the first words from my kindergarten teacher after Ralph Thorsen spilled paint on my daffodil picture. 3. Anecdote Don’t be afraid to employ this type of hook. Remember, even if you start with a humorous anecdote, it doesn’t mean that your entire essay has to be funny. A bit of humor can help you grab readers’ attention and spark their interest in the topic. Examples: “As my cousin and I pedaled our new bikes to the beach, 6 years old, suntanned and young, we met an old, shaggy-haired man weaving unsteadily on a battered old bike.” “When I was a young boy, my father worked at a coal mine. For 27 years, he made it his occupation to scrape and claw and grunt his way into the bowels of the earth, searching for fuel. On April 19, 2004, the bowels of the earth clawed back.” Keep in mind that most essay assignments will ask you to avoid using the first person. Be sure to check any requirements before using “I” in your writing. 4. Pose a Question Almost nothing can attract interest better than a well-constructed question. Readers will want to continue reading your essay in order to discover the answer. Be sure to avoid simple “Yes” or “No” questions and try to pose questions that ask reader to consider the other side or engage in some critical thinking. Examples: “What would you do if you could play God for a day? That’s exactly what the leaders of the tiny island nation of Guam tried to answer.” “Have you ever wondered, whether Anna Karenina still loved Alexei if she hadn’t decided to commit a suicide?

5.Set a scene People respe ond well to visual cues.Taking the time to set a detailed scene will help describe an incident or detail the particular features of a person or a character to help the readers become immersed in your writing. Examples: The day of his birth began with Hurricane Charlie pounding at our door in Charleston, South Carolina. "Deciding to attend Hampton Roads Academy,a private school,was one of my most difficult decisions.” 6.Include an Interesting Fact or Definition These types of hooks start by surprising the reader with something that may not have known.Provide an interesting fact about something you are going to discuss in your essay's body and your audience will want to keep reading to leam mor Examples: "Spain,though hardly a literary juggeraut,translates more books in one year than the entire Arab world has in the past one thousand years." "Amiable is the best way to describe Elizabeth's personality:she was friendly and caring." 7.State Your Thesis There isno harm in getting right to the point.Startith your mair argument and use the rest of your essay to support your point of view.If you have an interesting take on a subject,readers will want to see where you came up with your idea. Examples: "It is time.at last,to speak the truth about Thanksgiving.and the truth is this Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. "Humans need to invest more time and money into space exploration because Earth is on a certain path to destruction." 8.Reveal a Common Misconception The most interesting essays will teach the readers something new.If you start your introduction by showing that a commonly accepted truth is actually false,your readers will be instantly hooked

5 5. Set a Scene People respond well to visual cues. Taking the time to set a detailed scene will help your reader have a clear picture in their minds and create an effective hook. You can describe an incident or detail the particular features of a person or a character to help the readers become immersed in your writing. Examples: “The day of his birth began with Hurricane Charlie pounding at our door in Charleston, South Carolina.” “Deciding to attend Hampton Roads Academy, a private school, was one of my most difficult decisions.” 6. Include an Interesting Fact or Definition These types of hooks start by surprising the reader with something that may not have known. Provide an interesting fact about something you are going to discuss in your essay’s body and your audience will want to keep reading to learn more. Examples: “Spain, though hardly a literary juggernaut, translates more books in one year than the entire Arab world has in the past one thousand years.” “Amiable is the best way to describe Elizabeth’s personality: she was friendly and caring.” 7. State Your Thesis There is no harm in getting right to the point. Start with your main argument and use the rest of your essay to support your point of view. If you have an interesting take on a subject, readers will want to see where you came up with your idea. Examples: “It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. . .” “Humans need to invest more time and money into space exploration because Earth is on a certain path to destruction.” 8.Reveal a Common Misconception The most interesting essays will teach the readers something new. If you start your introduction by showing that a commonly accepted truth is actually false, your readers will be instantly hooked

Examples: "Any parent will tell you that goldfish are a great first pet for a child.They hardly need any attention,and they won't be around for too long.Flushing a goldfish in its first week is pretty common-it even happened to my first goldfish.But it tums out that goldfish aren't as helpless as weall think. "While most coffee enthusiasts would tell you that their favorite drink comes from a bean,they would be wrong.Coffee is actually made from a seed that is simply called a bean." 9.Statistics By listing proven facts at the very beginning of your paper,you will create interest that can be carried throughout the rest of the essay. Examples: "The average iceberg weighs over 100,000 metric tons." 70%of all jobs found today were got through different networking strategies" 6

6 Examples: “Any parent will tell you that goldfish are a great first pet for a child. They hardly need any attention, and they won’t be around for too long. Flushing a goldfish in its first week is pretty common—it even happened to my first goldfish. But it turns out that goldfish aren’t as helpless as we all think.” “While most coffee enthusiasts would tell you that their favorite drink comes from a bean, they would be wrong. Coffee is actually made from a seed that is simply called a bean.” 9.Statistics By listing proven facts at the very beginning of your paper, you will create interest that can be carried throughout the rest of the essay. Examples: “The average iceberg weighs over 100,000 metric tons.” “70% of all jobs found today were got through different networking strategies

Academic Writing How to Write a strong Thesis Statement Ask yourself the following questions when writing a thesis statement: >Location&Format Is it at the end of the introductory paragraph? Is it a complete,grammatically correct sentence? O Does it show what type of essay (analytical,expository.argumentative, narrative,etc)it is? >Content 0 O Does it only discuss ideas that will be analyzed in your paper? O Does it clearly show your stance/position on the topic? Does it give a"guide"of how you will analyze/evaluate the topic? NOTE:If you answered"No"to any of the questions above you must revise your thesis statement.Your readers should know all of this information just by reading the thesis statement. PRACTICE 1:Are the thesis statements below strong?Why or why not? 1.There are two abilities:bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal intelligence. 2.I choose to learn the major of Art and design,because I think I am good at capturing the Intrapersonal Intelligence and Existential Intelligence 3.While ther are many istic and naturalist intelligences are my two strongest intelligence 4.People like leaders and business men are those who have developed more linguistic and interpersonal intelligence. 5.People who want to be a professor at the university might do better if they have strength in linguistic and interpersonal intelligence PRACTICE2:Read the thesis statements below.Write your working thesis statement below. 1.The solutions to this problem (identity fraud)lie in the combination of individuals, and the govemment colla gether heolutions to this prblem (idmtiry frad)lis in the sombintion of individuals organizations and the government working together by increasing self-awareness of protection,updating the cyber security system of websites and reforming the financial security system

7 Academic Writing How to Write a strong Thesis Statement Ask yourself the following questions when writing a thesis statement: ➢ Location & Format  Is it at the end of the introductory paragraph?  Is it a complete, grammatically correct sentence?  Does it show what type of essay (analytical, expository, argumentative, narrative,etc) it is ? ➢ Content  Does it include the main idea(topic)AND the controlling ideas  Is the scope specific enough (not too vague or large)?  Does it only discuss ideas that will be analyzed in your paper?  Does it clearly show your stance/ position on the topic?  Does it give a "guide" of how you will analyze/evaluate the topic? NOTE: If you answered "No" to any of the questions above you must revise your thesis statement. Your readers should know all of this information just by reading the thesis statement. PRACTICE 1:Are the thesis statements below strong? Why or why not? 1. There are two abilities: bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal intelligence. 2. I choose to learn the major of Art and design, because I think I am good at capturing the Intrapersonal Intelligence and Existential Intelligence 3. While there are many different intelligences, linguistic and naturalist intelligences are my two strongest intelligence. 4. People like leaders and business men are those who have developed more linguistic and interpersonal intelligence. 5. People who want to be a professor at the university might do better if they have strength in linguistic and interpersonal intelligence. PRACTICE 2: Read the thesis statements below. Write your working thesis statement below. 1. The solutions to this problem (identity fraud) lie in the combination of individuals, organizations, and the government collaborating together. 2. The solutions to this problem (identity fraud) lie in the combination of individuals, organizations and the government working together by increasing self-awareness of protection, updating the cyber security system of websites and reforming the financial security system

Academic Writing Phrases for Problems/Solutions TASK1:Goto p 227 in your textbook,review the phrases,and fill in the blanks below with the appropriate terms.Pay attention to the phrases/expressions for each category. Phrases to Introduce Problems ●For doctors,. the extra time they spend arguing with ill-informed patients ● the patients increased stress wasted time and patient stress misinformation on the internet Phrases to Introduce Solutions: ● medical websites,doctors and patients _cyberchondria. cyberchondria reorganizing information on medical websites. ·Educating patients cyberchondria Phrases to Make Recommendations for Possible Solutions: .A definite decision by the government o Based on the results.it to make changes to the treatment o An individual's caloric needs before starting any diet. TASK 2:Write down the phrases you would like to use to introduce problems and solutions in your essay. Introduce Problems Introduce Solutions 8

8 Academic Writing Phrases for Problems/ Solutions TASK1: Go to p 227 in your textbook, review the phrases, and fill in the blanks below with the appropriate terms. Pay attention to the phrases/expressions for each category. Phrases to Introduce Problems ⚫ For doctors, _ the extra time they spend arguing with ill-informed patients ⚫ _ the patients increased stress. ⚫ _ wasted time and patient stress _misinformation on the internet Phrases to Introduce Solutions: ⚫ _ medical websites, doctors and patients. ⚫ _ cyberchondria. ⚫ _ cyberchondria _ reorganizing information on medical websites. ⚫ Educating patients _ cyberchondria Phrases to Make Recommendations for Possible Solutions: ⚫ A definite decision by the government _ ⚫ Based on the results, it _ to make changes to the treatment. ⚫ An individual’s caloric needs _ before starting any diet. TASK 2: Write down the phrases you would like to use to introduce problems and solutions in your essay. Introduce Problems Introduce Solutions

Academic Writing Solutions&Limitations TASK 1:According to your textbook.writers can evaluate their solutions by mentioning any limitations (p.231) What strategies can you use to write about the limitations? 品温 Edited Paper 1.Write down solut Problem Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3 Details Details Details Limitations: Limitations: Limitations: Refutation: Refutation: Refutation

9 Academic Writing Solutions& Limitations TASK 1: According to your textbook, writers can evaluate their solutions by mentioning any limitations (p. 231) What strategies can you use to write about the limitations? 1._ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ TASK 2: You have already come up with possible solutions to the problem for your Edited Paper 1. Write down solutions along with some details(steps, examples, etc )and write about any limitations to each solution. Problem Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3 Details: Limitations: Refutation: Details: Limitations: Refutation: Details: Limitations: Refutation

Rubric-Edited Paper Rough Draft Final Draft Essay Organization(45 points) Your work addresses the focus of this ssienmentAn analytical 12345 012345 to a problem. 2.Introduction:The introduction eneages the reader in the problem:it is 3-4 sentences lon 12345 0 12345 3.Thesisstatement:The thesis statemen he last sentence of the introduction,it clearl 12345 012345 states the topiccnling ideas of the graph of the e escribes backgrou d information about th 12345 012345 problem and includes any necessa definitions of terminology.The significance o the issue should be emphasized 5.Body Paragraph:There are 3 bod paragraph.Each body paragraph focuses one of the controlling ideas mentioned in the thesis statement The main idea(slofench hodh 2468100246810 is a clear throughou paragraph. 6.Supporting Details:Each body paragrapl is develoned with details from credible ources these details should be clearl 2468100246810 detail has a clear ection to the main idea 7.Conclusion:The final paragraph does no contain any new ideas.it is 3-5 sentences ir length,it gives a very brief summary of the rolling id ssay.and it uses a 12345 012345 10

10 Rubric -Edited Paper Essay Organization(45 points) Rough Draft Final Draft Much revision needed Some revision needed Excellent Insufficient evidence of revision Revision is evident, but errors persist Excellent 1. Your work addresses the focus of this assignment:An analytical essay about the topic you have selected, addressing solutions to a problem. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. Introduction: The introduction engages the reader in the problem: it is 3-4 sentences long (not including the thesis statement. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 3. Thesis statement: The thesis statement is the last sentence of the introduction; it clearly states the topic & 3 controlling ideas of the essay. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. Background Paragraph: The background paragraph is the 2nd paragraph of the essay; it describes background information about the problem and includes any necessary definitions of terminology. The significance of the issue should be emphasized. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 5. Body Paragraph: There are 3 body paragraph. Each body paragraph focuses on one of the controlling ideas mentioned in the thesis statement. The main idea(s)of each body paragraph is/are stated in the topic sentence. There is a clear focus throughout the paragraph. 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 6. Supporting Details: Each body paragraph is developed with details from credible sources; these details should be clearly paraphrased and explained to the reader: each detail has a clear connection to the main idea. 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 7. Conclusion: The final paragraph does not contain any new ideas, it is 3-5 sentences in length, it gives a very brief summary of the controlling ideas of the essay, and it uses an effective concluding technique. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5